Chen reported the state news
27 evening, after the state arrived in Luneng, Huang Bowen Mrs Wang received the phone: half-band semi-seriously with a joke that, to beat each other mercilessly.
representatives of China, on behalf of the player's image of China.
To date, Huang Bowen joined Jeonbuk Hyundai already has half a month. This time the expedition AFC, Huang Bowen is also a 3 +1 foreign aid foreign aid in Asia.
in Beijing, Huang Bowen had outstanding performance in the whole of the north were high expectations of modern, Jeonbuk Hyundai Huang Bowen joined in the introduction in Beijing when Huang Bowen cited a series of data, including who helped Beijing Guoan Super League title win, in addition, because Huang Bowen active defender of the status of Jeonbuk Hyundai coach Cui Kangxi said: to bring help to the whole North of modern. Lee took over guiding us, his training very hard, so I came here to adapt. Coach. Huang Bowen's there, let Luneng away and all north of the game is full of attraction.
representing the whole of the North, but also on behalf of China
AFC this campaign is the fourth in the AFC Champions Huang Bowen stadium. Season in 2008,2009 and 2010 seasons, both as the main representative of Beijing Guoan Huang Bowen participated in the AFC Champions League, which in the 2010 season, the only team Beijing Guoan is a Chinese team group stage. However, the history of warfare in the Yankees, who beat the Japanese team more team to face South Korea, and not too many tricks.
However, this is the fourth AFC Champions League campaign, Huang Bowen has faced a team from the Super League - Shandong Luneng.
Well a lot of Korean players. So, this time to face Luneng, if I have the opportunity to play, I am sure go all out, this is an essential quality of a professional player. , I came to Korea, they will say that I am a Chinese player, so my every move represents China, and represents the image of Chinese players. in the AFC game, I represent all the North team, but also on behalf of the Chinese players, I am even more necessary to go all out to prove himself. a very tough battle. Jeonbuk Hyundai, there is a very familiar with what our Huang Bowen.
usher in a group of 87,88 Several friends is the result of the National Youth team-mate - Mrs Wang, Cui Peng, Deng Zhuoxiang and so on.
Yaqing Sai in 2006, and Mrs Wang, Cui Peng and Huang Bowen to fight side by side. That session Yaqing Sai, Mrs Wang to play extremely well is the term Yaqing Sai, Mrs Wang was the game on the line is still fresh in my memory: the is a small yellow, the third brother (Hao Junmin), Tsui (Cui Peng) and in the sea, I play forward and Yang. players.
is precisely because of that session of the National Youth Team, Mrs Wang, Hao Junmin, Huang Bowen, who forged a profound friendship. All this came to the North, Mrs Wang Huang Bowen playing automatically to the phone. For Huang Bowen, Mrs Wang said: development is very good. I believe he will marked with the main force in Korea. long, often played against the league, high talent Mrs Wang, Cui Peng is placing most people can not, Little Deng is definitely the main national team. Three rounds of small: the central axis of the Cui Peng, Deng Zhuoxiang and Mrs Wang.
Monday, February 28, 2011
Sunday, February 27, 2011
How to understand the history of the nobility of
In late February I Some civilians as well. In this regard, I have not been justified. passage of time, I responsibly say that I was saying that can not, without it, meaning may be quite different. Of course, Sohu's editorial consideration or understanding of their own, I fully respect. Furthermore, I also considered the size of a Go.
Why do I say history is an aristocracy of learning? I think, a liberal arts foundation of history (like mathematics is a science, like basis), is a profound knowledge, there their own norms, moral principles, to the hard work of studying history, but also has a strong understanding, and sometimes seems unattainable; Furthermore, the reality of history, worse function, this knowledge generally does not make much money. on the hundreds of forum, my book can be printed tens of thousands of copies at once, which was previously unthinkable. Even in the Lecture Room, large print run of books is often not a history book. I said that history has a noble nature, and some self-deprecating elements.
I have a low-key life, what does not compete with others, more than anything. This is a childhood habit, my grandfather was a landlord before liberation (just more to it than others, far less than I Today, a good life), in the sixties and seventies, the great title long-term impact.
As I was not concerned with aristocratic friends, I am sure that I am not detached from generation to generation with the nobility, my ancestors have not received the special grace of the Qing dynasty, the Qing Dynasty did not suffered persecution for generations farming, basically illiterate, including my grandfather Lord local, but also illiterate. I'm not illiterate, but the genes are still farmers, friends say I look like farmers, this is not to belittle me.
Why do I say history is an aristocracy of learning? I think, a liberal arts foundation of history (like mathematics is a science, like basis), is a profound knowledge, there their own norms, moral principles, to the hard work of studying history, but also has a strong understanding, and sometimes seems unattainable; Furthermore, the reality of history, worse function, this knowledge generally does not make much money. on the hundreds of forum, my book can be printed tens of thousands of copies at once, which was previously unthinkable. Even in the Lecture Room, large print run of books is often not a history book. I said that history has a noble nature, and some self-deprecating elements.
I have a low-key life, what does not compete with others, more than anything. This is a childhood habit, my grandfather was a landlord before liberation (just more to it than others, far less than I Today, a good life), in the sixties and seventies, the great title long-term impact.
As I was not concerned with aristocratic friends, I am sure that I am not detached from generation to generation with the nobility, my ancestors have not received the special grace of the Qing dynasty, the Qing Dynasty did not suffered persecution for generations farming, basically illiterate, including my grandfather Lord local, but also illiterate. I'm not illiterate, but the genes are still farmers, friends say I look like farmers, this is not to belittle me.
Thursday, February 24, 2011
Yangtze River Delta to create innovation within targeted
Xinhua Shanghai Feb. 24 (Xinhua YE Feng Rong) Long-term leader in the development of domestic economic development model of the Yangtze River Delta region is seeking a total Reporter has learned that Shanghai has issued implementation of the
achieve this goal, which requires each of the Yangtze River Delta provinces and cities to speed up innovation and development of the Yangtze River Delta region also need to achieve General Office of Shanghai Municipal Government has forwarded the Focused national strategy, a positive commitment to large aircraft, a great scale integrated circuits, a major new drug, major infectious diseases, the core of electronic devices, high-end general chips and basic software products and other major national science and technology projects, synergy between the large ships, aerospace, new energy, public safety, livelihood security, and other major scientific and technological joint research. Improve the innovation service system, strengthen financial support for innovation to further promote the intellectual property strategy.
addition, Shanghai has a clear, scientific and technological innovation and cooperation to optimize the Yangtze River Delta market environment, unity of independent innovation products that standard, the joint implementation of mutual recognition system and the procurement system to encourage innovation priority application in the Yangtze River Delta. High-tech Development Zone to promote the integration of industrial chain as the starting point to promote cooperation in the Yangtze River Delta and the high-tech industry development zone of secondary business. Effectively increase the area and the introduction of innovative personnel training, enhance the innovative talent development in Yangtze River Delta's policy coordination and convergence of systems and services integration.
innovation capability.
statistics show that in 2010, the Yangtze River Delta in 16 cities average GDP growth rate of 12.6%, the annual economic output close to 7 trillion yuan, of which 13 cities GDP over 200 billion yuan, 6 cities more than 500 billion yuan GDP, the total, the top five cities of Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Wuxi and Ningbo.
However, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other provinces have been fully aware of the traditional development model in population, resources and environment, bottlenecks encountered, and the initiative to make adjustments. According to recently around the , transformation and upgrading of development.
in the exploration process, the Yangtze River Delta region will stimulate new development in the reform momentum. For example, the major reforms.
addition, the integration, to achieve the rational flow of factors of production across regions and optimal allocation of resources, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, the three major regional port customs clearance coordination, and to promote the integration of customs clearance mode of operation of the Yangtze River Delta,
Director of the Center MAO said.
achieve this goal, which requires each of the Yangtze River Delta provinces and cities to speed up innovation and development of the Yangtze River Delta region also need to achieve General Office of Shanghai Municipal Government has forwarded the Focused national strategy, a positive commitment to large aircraft, a great scale integrated circuits, a major new drug, major infectious diseases, the core of electronic devices, high-end general chips and basic software products and other major national science and technology projects, synergy between the large ships, aerospace, new energy, public safety, livelihood security, and other major scientific and technological joint research. Improve the innovation service system, strengthen financial support for innovation to further promote the intellectual property strategy.
addition, Shanghai has a clear, scientific and technological innovation and cooperation to optimize the Yangtze River Delta market environment, unity of independent innovation products that standard, the joint implementation of mutual recognition system and the procurement system to encourage innovation priority application in the Yangtze River Delta. High-tech Development Zone to promote the integration of industrial chain as the starting point to promote cooperation in the Yangtze River Delta and the high-tech industry development zone of secondary business. Effectively increase the area and the introduction of innovative personnel training, enhance the innovative talent development in Yangtze River Delta's policy coordination and convergence of systems and services integration.
innovation capability.
statistics show that in 2010, the Yangtze River Delta in 16 cities average GDP growth rate of 12.6%, the annual economic output close to 7 trillion yuan, of which 13 cities GDP over 200 billion yuan, 6 cities more than 500 billion yuan GDP, the total, the top five cities of Shanghai, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Wuxi and Ningbo.
However, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other provinces have been fully aware of the traditional development model in population, resources and environment, bottlenecks encountered, and the initiative to make adjustments. According to recently around the , transformation and upgrading of development.
in the exploration process, the Yangtze River Delta region will stimulate new development in the reform momentum. For example, the major reforms.
addition, the integration, to achieve the rational flow of factors of production across regions and optimal allocation of resources, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai, the three major regional port customs clearance coordination, and to promote the integration of customs clearance mode of operation of the Yangtze River Delta,
Director of the Center MAO said.
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Origin of Warcraft Background
Left, and the crazy point of the sheep, cute animals, like as the bomb burst open, bloody, then, and then point that moving witch, she would say, War chat. So, Blizzard is keen to spoof.
Although Blizzard on World of Warcraft gives its own set of interpretations, there is no doubt, as Diablo, in general, it still draws many myths resources to legends and fantasy.
fall of Lordaeron
fantasy story, humans are the most easily understood by our race, and the World of Warcraft but there is special about human beings, tanks, helicopters and fire Gunners tells us that this is a land of magic and science coexist in this world can not be understood in this, the two interests conflict with difficult co-existence of civilizations, the prestige of modern Western science is only after the decline in the church to develop, of course, because no sign of the reason the reality. But the coexistence of magic and science is not a particularly novel idea, just need to have a good balance between them, in fact, have a good point about this novel is recommended, This combination will handle it very well. And Blizzard has also taken a more eclectic approach, mainly by the good at creating technology to operate the dwarves.
Aersaisi we know talk about, the fate of many who Prince off. In the story of War3 introduced 19 years where he became a trainee knight (Page), while in the game as he and Uther the Lightbringer is a holy warrior as Paladinmm there, DnD player manual reads: ; Paladin for the noble and brave soldier, is all the world the symbol of justice and truth. Therefore, he has a lofty virtue, must be maintained at any time. Special Jazz (SIR LANCELOT), Sir Gawain (GAWAIN), Hon Sir William Gallas (GALAHAD) as a model. the game is still the clergy role Paladin, a firm belief in the gods because possession of a variety of divine power, not only cure diseases, but also has a special immunity against evil. But if he move towards evil, the forces will go away from him, and this is a dead knight Eersaisi story.
to note that, fantasy story Dwarf (Dwarf), and humans are creatures of different races, while the game dwarves and humans are closely related, as Gimli and Aragorn in LOTR has a deep brotherly feelings. dwarf from Norse mythology, the legend was originally De Duerge R (Duerger), according to legend they Orcs (Orc) and the Goblin (Goblin) has a deep hatred. Forgotten Realms, there are four dwarves: shield dwarves, gold dwarves, wild dwarves and Duerge R. War3 Zhongshan Qiu Wang (Mountain King) is a heroic warrior, in the hands of the famous Kua, he became a nightmare. And these traditions are skilled craftsman who can drive tanks, helicopters and artillery guns for those who use the national taste of the modern taste of wild .
highly popular heroic Grand Master (Archmage), but the white be the elderly into their life the magic of endless research. Grand Master (Archmage) is a magician (Mage) advanced professional, Master of leader in the Dragonlance, the Master School of the points is to use color to indicate the gown, much loved Raistlin is the most powerful black robe Klein Grand Master, the Lord of the Rings is clearly a white robe in the High than the gray robe the presence but not the white robes of Gandalf the brilliant man of God, and fell down the Saruman had his sense of great strength when Mody. In fact many settings Dan Grand Master the power of this is quite terrible, but In order to balance the game may not be magic set at a reasonable range, how much damage it's Wal Archmage. magician, and no historical information for reference, they were present in the myth, Merlin (Merlin), Mei Diya (Medea), Searcy (Circe) these names have become legendary.
priests (Priest) and the Sorceress (Sorceress) is familiar with the unit, there is the story of magic and ultimately their existence, even if the network is kimchi Travel is difficult in the lack of priests and warlocks. the role of priests in the military is always so obvious, usually refers to practitioners of the Catholic Priest clergy, good back line incantation; while the Warlock is set in DnD with artistic temperament of the Master Some magicians think they flow with the Maronite origin, their inner strength through magic, rather than rigorous training, which is a talent, they only rely on pure willpower, and Warlock do not like the team, of course, this is not for our lovely Sorceress game, and in force in their hold, stealth and sheep are light weight strong enough to lift skills.
Gryphon Rider (Gryphon Rider) on behalf of air power as human beings, naturally backing small. fabled Griffin (Gryphon) is similar to an eagle flying creatures, have four limbs, with a strong attack, a small biotechnology for food, it can be tamed creature, and it is extremely hate evil, and this is is set close to the game. the game is living in the mountains where the wild ride that very sense of justice dwarf creatures come to help humanity against the evil army. documented in the Griffin had first appeared in Gu Aka (Babylon - Assyrian) mythology, Wicked beheaded in Malta which are gram Gods of legend Griffin was killed by his third monster, and then in Greek mythology, the Griffin is a body Gryphon with wings on back monster, its body is greater than eight lions, height is more than one hundred eagles, with long ears, mouth, Health and the leopard, feet, claws are as big as a horn, as the supreme God Zeus (Zeus), the sun god Apollo (Apollo) and Nemesis Emeixisi (Nemesis) to pull carts, Ares (Ares) is also engraved with the helmet on the Griffin logo. Greek grups Latin change body and that the canyon grif gryphus mixed, the development of English and French to become a griffin, griffon or gryphon have to say. Although some of the legendary Griffin on behalf of the devil, but the more people believe it is a sign of Christ, We all branches of the most well-known and most legendary figures, and regardless of the Tang. Quixote type of pride and dedication, or King Arthur's legendary Round Table knights, their stories have fascinated us. Knight class with the European feudal establishment of the system and the gradual rise in the 10 century to the early 11th century Europe there separate formal Knight class, and the rule of feudal lords become a weapon. In general, the noble knights certainly, but the Cavaliers are not always noble, aristocrat is the most senior knights, who is commanding the war, they and many men are not in the ordinary knights equal class. but to become a knight of the difficulties experienced by hard to imagine that we, the son of a noble or a knight born supervision of a bath by his father, thus began the long process of becoming a knight. new life must be consistent with Christian baptism, which marks him as a Christian knight. baptism will allow nursing mothers raising children to 7 years old, sent after a local or overseas knight or lord bit important spiritual and physical home in the knight received training and developing the spirit, he also became a follower or .14 years of age he became a trainee knight knight squire (Squire), under the guidance of the master to learn a lot of fighting , riding skills, and to the identity of prospective Knight has been learning and service to 21 years, after the award ceremony Knight (Dubbing ceremony) later become a true knight. the famous Knights Templar is between 1114 to 1118 Medieval religious establishment in Jerusalem military organization, its goal is to protect the public from the first Crusade to Palestine after the pilgrims, the rumor that they worship the magic of the soaked Middle East, philosophy and religion, said they tried to reconcile Islam, Judaism and Christianity, but they respect the three beliefs, according to tradition they had long been regarded as heresy, Knights Templar members described the anti-Christ heathen pure exaggeration. the last time after the end of the Crusades, the Knights Templar were forced to leave the Holy Land, in the October 13, 1307 5 day week, the Holy See the Pope and French king of the Joint Implementation of the Knights Templar executed in secret orders, the Knights Templar in the final several hundred were executed, the Knights also will be the total collapse of the organization, and this was also Western taboo on Friday the thirteenth, the day for the unknown source. to 1500, Knight, as combatants There has been been replaced by mercenaries of weapons firing firearms, knight class to the decline, but the decline of chivalry is not, we will remember the knight pursued eight virtues: humility, integrity, compassion, courage, justice, sacrifice, honor, the soul.
evening under the hammer
Orc (Orc) gives us the impression that the tradition of hot-tempered, brutal, they tend to act first and then think, Orc intent of killer whales, but also means the sea monster usually translated as orcs. in the game that they believe in Shamanism, the term derived from the Siberian Shamanism Manchu-Tungus language family Saman, made by the Russian of English Shaman, Shamanism is a primitive religion in Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz , Mongolian, Manchu, Xibe and Daur ethnic history, all had a deep impact. In Chinese culture, the shaman is Witchcraft. in that ancient Xian Jun Li is a big weight and witch. archaeological findings and historical records have proven Witchcraft is the shaman, according to Man - Tungusic explanation is agitated or mad Flurry, and contains the meaning of divination. as Witchcraft, Shamanism is considered to be the intermediary between man and God. so we can understand about the Prophet (Farseer) setting is no doubt that he is the senior shaman.
Juggernaut (BladeMaster) is agile in the game strong hero, Blizzard set the Juggernaut is the Horde's elite soldiers, they have a superb fencing Burning Blade Juggernaut who is member of the tribe, and later the fire edge by its own tribal forces of evil destroyed. the fire edge tribes divided, the sword Saint-toting tribal totem, in order to save their own brothers and tribal fighting. Under the leadership of the Saar, the Juggernaut again joined the army of orcs, as their young leader's personal bodyguard. DnD also similar in the description , Juggernaut is a powerful warrior, the sword they have to the superb level. Of course, the term we have more space for reverie, FSS Nagano big God is the day of the Knight in the Juggernaut, Di Mosi. Haiya La Church of the In order to defend their own culture and pledge allegiance to the powerful orc warrior, known to bravery and pride. Greek mythology Mi Connaught Taos (Minotaurus) is the head of a cow's monster, the legend is oxen and Crete (Minos) Queen Paxi method born, twice the height with ordinary people, screaming, can shake the whole city, so King Minos of Crete (Minos) craftsmen built a maze of life, the indemnity promise Taos trapped inside, the city of Athens and forced the seven young men and women each year dedicated to it to eat, and ultimately it is the heroic Prince Theseus of Athens (Theseus) to kill. Mi Connaught Tao (Minotaur) is expressed by the Minoan culture Bull said the Latin GAO, that other creatures are lower than them, kill them just like that kill a bug, they are bad-tempered, staunch, often on the slightest provocation and others hands-on, most of the Wynn does not lose Another feature they will not get lost in the maze, so there are many Tauren would choose as their place of residence maze. No matter what kind of origin, the Tauren are a strong force, is based on this , a member of the game Tauren tribes to bring the enemy force of the earthquake, but no small perturbation.
was originally grown in northern Lordaeron Headhunter (Head Hunter) in the Warcraft 3 Orc army joined in again , in times of war, those who did not hesitate to pick up the search of their spears to fight the military victory. headhunting tribe is a primitive savage tribes, can be described as notorious, known to hunt heads, in the primitive tribes in many parts of the world have had their presence. predators (Raider) role in the game most of the siege and the use of trap nets, and to capture the resource. LOTR2 their shape as the cavalry in the wolf, but it seems not so powerful single combat capability of troops.
As said earlier, Shaman (Shaman) were shamanic shamans draw from the power of nature and the elements. The witch (Witch Doctor) through chemical enhancement of fighting Orc Army capacity. Witchcraft and medicine in ancient society are all very close, long time and used witchcraft and medicine, developed mastered and a mutual reliance of the universe and view of life, will experience the life of the universe such as analysis combined with . Witchcraft is the survival of early human experience and technology, its historical status and value of evaluation of today are different, most of the magic from a scientific standpoint that the midwife the birth of science and technology, while others think that witchcraft is the development of science and technology popularization obstacles, magic and medicine come from ancient cultures, primitive society as a system of cause and, with a magic way with medicine and used to treat the disease, which led to the birth of professional witch doctor, and now does seem to Xuan Hu But in the game witch doctor to continue the development of ancient civilization, as skilled use of the military skills of the existence of secondary treatment.
air forces as the only orcs, dragon knight (Wyvern Rider) plays a very important role. Wyvern (Wyvern) Dragon and the Griffin flowing body (Gryphon, Griffin in the former paper) the dual blood, allowing them to fight orcs riding. they often appear in England's national emblem biology, has two full wings, looks remarkably like the shape of a dragon. wyvern fantasy scenes story of the strong, the information in the articles Neverwinter Nights Neverwinter Nights: Shadows of Undrentide, the wyvern will also serve as a new monster.
the great plains of Kalimdor Kodo (Kodo Beast) is a valuable ally of the orc army kodo beasts, burdened with the drums of war are fighting for the orcs to add strength and courage. the game more violent families The alternative is more extreme tactics, it is still mainly a drum to increase the morale of the Orcs hammers auxiliary role. in ancient legend, the Yellow Emperor Chi War generals often the first time offered advice to deal with the Yellow Emperor made drum ghosts who fear noise, but did not find the right drum, to the often the first nine days Xuannv Tuomeng said: usually not very active, but appeared, the sea wind is not raining; two eyes emitted rays, like the sun and the moon; a roar bigger than the thunder, this monster Ming Jiaolei beast. It is carefree day in the sea, like lying on his back, belly to claw for the music, and each slap belly, thunder rang loudly. Kui Niu Pimeng with drums, with a drumstick bone Ultralisk, struck up, the earth was moving, the power of infinity. Kui few days will will come back to kill cattle and Ultralisk arrest, then often the first design, 50 days into the Kui Meng Niu drum 800 surface, made of Ultralisk drumstick 160. Zhuolu legend in World War II started, Kui had to face the Yellow Emperor in 800 drums ambush in the dark, when the Chi army troops rushed to the forefront of the Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor wave of his hand, and 80 large drums together skirmishing, Chi has not been fighting the army to be drums so loudly that people turned car Yang, deafness, vertigo, all of them moved, defeated. then the war drums of war can not only boost morale, but also served as a battlefield signals to the role. so, Kodo, but carries the key to victory.
castaways destination
Goblin (Goblin) is increasingly being we know that in many of the world in which they are small, evil group, Goblin complex sources, many people think it comes from the myth of the Vikings, Mr. Zhu Xueheng analysis Celtic mythology, the little brown monster (Brown-ie), this monster in the middle of the night to take care of livestock, the farm or family, but if the criticism is starting mischief; was found or if the offer in addition to food other than gifts, they will permanently leave the farm. The other is Red Hat (Red Cap), they are killing the bloodthirsty, would have no reason to slaughter all kinds of small animals, the head of the hat is the use of blood dyed. Red Hat are also frequently seen in battle over, simply to enjoy the thrill of blood products.
addition, Tolkien ) mixed from. In this world of goblins has been widely used term, refers to those foolish, ignorant and arrogant people LOTR2 effective example is the recent release, if people view it simply completed the emotion of the film version of Warcraft 3 , fantasy fans will certainly not escape being accused of serious Goblin fate, to know Tolkien (JRR Tolkien) and The.
the bright dying civilization throughout the ancient Kalimdor footprint wizard, went through years of war later, this civilization moving towards division, the Night Elves (Night Elf) and the High Elf (High Elf) each hold different beliefs parted ways, which is the plot in War3 owner of Silvermoon City, and still living in the night elves of Kalimdor was we know, this is a female-dominated groups, as Blizzard did not give too much information can only guess it was probably in the Forgotten Realms Dark Elf (Dark Elf) belong to a matriarchal society.
earthly people ah! Please listen to the voice of Sage ......< br> like Tears of Heaven,
wash away the embers in the history of Dragon gun in the Zhanre dust and tears;
language and memory in humans can not be described in the old days, era,
first in the world the dawn now,
ignorant in the three rounds of the moon rises from the bosom of the forest,
huge Dragon, terror and dignity,
Klein set off in the war of terror. .....< br> mm Moon), quiet subtle blend of death. As the most representative of Warcraft III heroine, and she seemed very attractive to all, but about her and her horse, one can not but think of another kind of image mm g Li Shanna, is the daughter of God, so that the famous family dependents Raistlin. Margery management in the of sleep, I dream of her. . The idea of course is not common, known as Xiao Qiang Zi five groups often have such a radical move on, but many people still enjoy the oriental style with bronze Saint Seiya, also, Demon Hunter's self-sacrifice also won many plaudits. can not be understood by our compatriots, their errors and quietly fighting Dark Templar in the StarCraft somewhat similar to the What happened, and they are also armed with two knives, the majestic can not help but think of displaced people Dark Elf Drizzt.
compared Keeper (Keeper of the Grove), many players prefer a very cool and slim and moving the demon hunter women worship the moon, who complain Keeper of the old state and post more Longzhong Fat useless combat skills, but the story in the game design, these semi-god Senna Cornelius is undoubtedly the favorite son of the powerful, Blizzard account has a half-elf half Guardian Bucks appearance. the game in their half of the shape and Sagittarius resembles, and indeed many people mistake it as Centaur. most of the myth is the troublemaker in the Centaur family, love Lu Jie and looting. but there are exceptions, people are willing to Los Tao Chiron (Chiron) thorough knowledge of music literature and art , astronomy, geography, medicine, and even predicted that Sage is a big mountain forests, which reminds us of the wise as if half-god Senna Cornelius. Unfortunately, his students, the great hero Hercules (Heracles) and the Centaur a family conflict, Chiron was soaking water snake Hydra (Lernaean Hydra) the blood of poisoned arrows by the accidental injury, no drugs solutions, and ultimately he gave up eternal life in exchange for the Prometheus (Prometheus) of freedom, Zeus (Zeus) ascended to heaven as Sagittarius. Later, Heracles was the goat Centaur Nessus (Nessus) design of the killing.
Looking at the slender, melodious tone of the female shooter (Archer), who They can think of to ninety people gathered after the terrorist spike it. fantasy world where the traditional bow and arrow is a wizard weapons, Blizzard obviously do not want to lose these beautiful women to kill with such a gentle and elegant, LOTR The Wizard Le Gou Las (Legolas) have done a superb job it is to juggle bows and arrows to win a lot of favor. and as cold weapons, bows and arrows and so much more history than the sword Yuan Yuan, and its use of technology in the history of human society as a whole it is a development role The real revolution, ancient occasion, our ancestors in order to survive, have struggled with nature and wild beasts fight. In the long course of development, mankind has created a lot of equipment, but only sticks and stones and other forms of natural objects, attack the limited distance; and bow and arrow is the man to stone, bone and wooden tools to create complex, long-range shooting at the time was the most effective weapons. Engels in the period, as the iron swords and guns for the barbaric period of time for the civilized way, but the decisive weapon. (Huntress) plays a key reconnaissance forces, the moon goddess Ai Lu Nepal gave them power, they rode fierce battle Panthers ride. We can be understood as a Night Elf Huntress scout cavalry, they use a kind of hand shape Sword (shuriken) the long-range weapons.
Blizzard will set the cursed centaur tribes, and Dryad (Dryad) is their cousin, half-god Senna Cornelius daughter. Dryad from druids the original term that the Druids. Dryad in Rome, the goddess of Greek mythology, means the forest, live oak tree, the legend with each of the wizard, and these dryad dryads to human communication through the oracle, so the game usually dryad Dryad's image appears . Rui (Druid) can control the angry storm, the rising sun of the moderate forces, clever fox, giant bears and other fierce force things. But the city people do not like Druid Exaggeration is not real, self-righteous nature of the owner, on the contrary , they get through into the nature of the forces of nature. dared to invade the Holy Land and to annoy their druid, then, we can clearly understand it. , as a strong ally of the night elves, in reality, they also have a decent background sources. Druid understanding of the term can be separated, the first half and the Greek Most are from the Roman and Greek literature, or from the forest, altars, temples and other sites to find a few clues in the accident. On the plain located in the Si Boli (Salisbury Plain) of the famous monuments Stonehenge (Stonehenge), There is a saying that this is not passed in Great Britain before the local Christian Celts (Celts) believed in the Druids (Druid) established by the temple, it could be hanged Druid place of believers. earliest history books Mission on the records of the Druids mostly in sub-Zhu Li. Caesar and the Roman historian Tacitus, the great works of Sri Lanka, they mostly describe Druidism wild terror, told the Senate when Caesar Gallic expedition report : !, Brahman (Brahmins), the Persian jacket Monk (Magi), the Egyptian priest (Priests) and shaman (Shaman) side by side. Druid priests 5th century BC to 1st century AD, are scattered in Gaul, Britain, Ireland, Europe , Asia Minor and the Balkans Celtics play in the family of the priest, rabbi or prophet, has a lofty status. around the 1st century AD, the Roman Empire Jubing growing crusade against the Celtics, Tacitus recorded in Sri Lanka this battle, the Druids dressed in black, jump in the Celtic army, shouting the name of god, harsh and cursing the Roman Empire. After the defeat of the Celtics, Druids were Roman bloodbath, the priest's body dumped in Druid sacred forest, then on their prestige for centuries down to the status of common shaman, the former glory gone, only a sad elegy recited methotrexate alone. Now, We can in some retro fun to see them follow the example of sports bodies, but the real impact we still do anything they want in the game that the caster.
When it appears, will always lead to bursts of panic, with such a deterrent Force branches of the military is not much Chimera (Chimaera) is undoubtedly one of them. From the Ashes Valley forests they live in harmony and the horrors of night elf beast, need to understand, commonly known as double-headed dragon is not suitable for Chimaera.Chimaera The term comes from the Greek cimaira, Latin became the Chimaera. It is a giant in Greek mythology, Typhon (Typhon) and the basilisk Ekadenuo (Echinda) many children in a monster, rumors of a bust on it lion in the middle like a goat, lower body, like the dragon, the mouth Breath the fire, eventually driving riding wings 飞马珀伽索斯 (Pegasus) in the Pole Luo Feng (Bellerophon) of the shot, we are familiar with the most holy Xiao Qiang fighter belongs Pegasus Seiya, it is also a symbol of 飞马珀伽索斯. Chimaera's father, so that the gods feared the giant Typhon, Zeus has been interrupted (Zeus) tesujis hamstring, but was later Zeus to dying with the lightning struck, the volcanic island of Sicily near the fall. Blizzard War3 to Chimaera instead of Zeus in the control of lightning, and can spit corrosive acid, it is indeed the spirit of the original aims to spoof.
as the burning Corps Scourge vanguard, by countless zombies, ghosts, monsters cursed life and the souls of family consisting of (Undead) of the Lich King Ner'zhul began under the control of pollution, every inch of the land of Azeroth. fantasy world appears frequently Undead , which is usually defined as a soul, but no life. War3 in many Western players prefer to use Lich (Lich), in addition to his own powerful, seems to have the impact of Dungeons & Dragons.
Lich is the world of traditional DnD The existence of the strongest undead, undead creature's controller, the magic user wizard or warlock is usually, but sometimes there are priests. the power of their own continuity of life by unnatural means, to a strong and give up life. Usually they are deep black eye socket, and that which is empty, only two points shimmer. Lich in the darkest circumstances depending on the material, but also from the impact of light. Lich's side will be emitted from the cold and dark De field. Lich game obviously still mired in the shape of this style. sky petals, heavy footsteps, chill with the sword, blood, marble boards. Scourge is coming, he is no longer a guardian of human Paladin , light and he was gone.
Undead Knights (Death Knight) Eersaisi. DnD template, dead knight is from the decadent Lich Paladin (Paladin), and the darkness of talented guards (BlackGuard) the produce is a form of terror, they are wearing armor bones appear during his lifetime, his eyes rot, burning eyes and two dark red light. It is clear that the image of the game as much as possible in the beautification of the noble knight those who have the human. the Middle Ages, people believed that evil shaped by a dark horse dreams are caused by demons, and that is a nightmare (Nightmare), the game in the dead knight's horse. In DnD it also has a decent template attack, hoof fuel, breath to breath sulfur smoke.
fear of the devil (Dread Lord) chieftains loyal to the Legion of Kiel Garden, plot arranged for them to monitor the Lich King Ner'zhul, but later was dead against Army control, ...
Although Blizzard on World of Warcraft gives its own set of interpretations, there is no doubt, as Diablo, in general, it still draws many myths resources to legends and fantasy.
fall of Lordaeron
fantasy story, humans are the most easily understood by our race, and the World of Warcraft but there is special about human beings, tanks, helicopters and fire Gunners tells us that this is a land of magic and science coexist in this world can not be understood in this, the two interests conflict with difficult co-existence of civilizations, the prestige of modern Western science is only after the decline in the church to develop, of course, because no sign of the reason the reality. But the coexistence of magic and science is not a particularly novel idea, just need to have a good balance between them, in fact, have a good point about this novel is recommended, This combination will handle it very well. And Blizzard has also taken a more eclectic approach, mainly by the good at creating technology to operate the dwarves.
Aersaisi we know talk about, the fate of many who Prince off. In the story of War3 introduced 19 years where he became a trainee knight (Page), while in the game as he and Uther the Lightbringer is a holy warrior as Paladinmm there, DnD player manual reads: ; Paladin for the noble and brave soldier, is all the world the symbol of justice and truth. Therefore, he has a lofty virtue, must be maintained at any time. Special Jazz (SIR LANCELOT), Sir Gawain (GAWAIN), Hon Sir William Gallas (GALAHAD) as a model. the game is still the clergy role Paladin, a firm belief in the gods because possession of a variety of divine power, not only cure diseases, but also has a special immunity against evil. But if he move towards evil, the forces will go away from him, and this is a dead knight Eersaisi story.
to note that, fantasy story Dwarf (Dwarf), and humans are creatures of different races, while the game dwarves and humans are closely related, as Gimli and Aragorn in LOTR has a deep brotherly feelings. dwarf from Norse mythology, the legend was originally De Duerge R (Duerger), according to legend they Orcs (Orc) and the Goblin (Goblin) has a deep hatred. Forgotten Realms, there are four dwarves: shield dwarves, gold dwarves, wild dwarves and Duerge R. War3 Zhongshan Qiu Wang (Mountain King) is a heroic warrior, in the hands of the famous Kua, he became a nightmare. And these traditions are skilled craftsman who can drive tanks, helicopters and artillery guns for those who use the national taste of the modern taste of wild .
highly popular heroic Grand Master (Archmage), but the white be the elderly into their life the magic of endless research. Grand Master (Archmage) is a magician (Mage) advanced professional, Master of leader in the Dragonlance, the Master School of the points is to use color to indicate the gown, much loved Raistlin is the most powerful black robe Klein Grand Master, the Lord of the Rings is clearly a white robe in the High than the gray robe the presence but not the white robes of Gandalf the brilliant man of God, and fell down the Saruman had his sense of great strength when Mody. In fact many settings Dan Grand Master the power of this is quite terrible, but In order to balance the game may not be magic set at a reasonable range, how much damage it's Wal Archmage. magician, and no historical information for reference, they were present in the myth, Merlin (Merlin), Mei Diya (Medea), Searcy (Circe) these names have become legendary.
priests (Priest) and the Sorceress (Sorceress) is familiar with the unit, there is the story of magic and ultimately their existence, even if the network is kimchi Travel is difficult in the lack of priests and warlocks. the role of priests in the military is always so obvious, usually refers to practitioners of the Catholic Priest clergy, good back line incantation; while the Warlock is set in DnD with artistic temperament of the Master Some magicians think they flow with the Maronite origin, their inner strength through magic, rather than rigorous training, which is a talent, they only rely on pure willpower, and Warlock do not like the team, of course, this is not for our lovely Sorceress game, and in force in their hold, stealth and sheep are light weight strong enough to lift skills.
Gryphon Rider (Gryphon Rider) on behalf of air power as human beings, naturally backing small. fabled Griffin (Gryphon) is similar to an eagle flying creatures, have four limbs, with a strong attack, a small biotechnology for food, it can be tamed creature, and it is extremely hate evil, and this is is set close to the game. the game is living in the mountains where the wild ride that very sense of justice dwarf creatures come to help humanity against the evil army. documented in the Griffin had first appeared in Gu Aka (Babylon - Assyrian) mythology, Wicked beheaded in Malta which are gram Gods of legend Griffin was killed by his third monster, and then in Greek mythology, the Griffin is a body Gryphon with wings on back monster, its body is greater than eight lions, height is more than one hundred eagles, with long ears, mouth, Health and the leopard, feet, claws are as big as a horn, as the supreme God Zeus (Zeus), the sun god Apollo (Apollo) and Nemesis Emeixisi (Nemesis) to pull carts, Ares (Ares) is also engraved with the helmet on the Griffin logo. Greek grups Latin change body and that the canyon grif gryphus mixed, the development of English and French to become a griffin, griffon or gryphon have to say. Although some of the legendary Griffin on behalf of the devil, but the more people believe it is a sign of Christ, We all branches of the most well-known and most legendary figures, and regardless of the Tang. Quixote type of pride and dedication, or King Arthur's legendary Round Table knights, their stories have fascinated us. Knight class with the European feudal establishment of the system and the gradual rise in the 10 century to the early 11th century Europe there separate formal Knight class, and the rule of feudal lords become a weapon. In general, the noble knights certainly, but the Cavaliers are not always noble, aristocrat is the most senior knights, who is commanding the war, they and many men are not in the ordinary knights equal class. but to become a knight of the difficulties experienced by hard to imagine that we, the son of a noble or a knight born supervision of a bath by his father, thus began the long process of becoming a knight. new life must be consistent with Christian baptism, which marks him as a Christian knight. baptism will allow nursing mothers raising children to 7 years old, sent after a local or overseas knight or lord bit important spiritual and physical home in the knight received training and developing the spirit, he also became a follower or .14 years of age he became a trainee knight knight squire (Squire), under the guidance of the master to learn a lot of fighting , riding skills, and to the identity of prospective Knight has been learning and service to 21 years, after the award ceremony Knight (Dubbing ceremony) later become a true knight. the famous Knights Templar is between 1114 to 1118 Medieval religious establishment in Jerusalem military organization, its goal is to protect the public from the first Crusade to Palestine after the pilgrims, the rumor that they worship the magic of the soaked Middle East, philosophy and religion, said they tried to reconcile Islam, Judaism and Christianity, but they respect the three beliefs, according to tradition they had long been regarded as heresy, Knights Templar members described the anti-Christ heathen pure exaggeration. the last time after the end of the Crusades, the Knights Templar were forced to leave the Holy Land, in the October 13, 1307 5 day week, the Holy See the Pope and French king of the Joint Implementation of the Knights Templar executed in secret orders, the Knights Templar in the final several hundred were executed, the Knights also will be the total collapse of the organization, and this was also Western taboo on Friday the thirteenth, the day for the unknown source. to 1500, Knight, as combatants There has been been replaced by mercenaries of weapons firing firearms, knight class to the decline, but the decline of chivalry is not, we will remember the knight pursued eight virtues: humility, integrity, compassion, courage, justice, sacrifice, honor, the soul.
evening under the hammer
Orc (Orc) gives us the impression that the tradition of hot-tempered, brutal, they tend to act first and then think, Orc intent of killer whales, but also means the sea monster usually translated as orcs. in the game that they believe in Shamanism, the term derived from the Siberian Shamanism Manchu-Tungus language family Saman, made by the Russian of English Shaman, Shamanism is a primitive religion in Uygur, Kazak, Kirgiz , Mongolian, Manchu, Xibe and Daur ethnic history, all had a deep impact. In Chinese culture, the shaman is Witchcraft. in that ancient Xian Jun Li is a big weight and witch. archaeological findings and historical records have proven Witchcraft is the shaman, according to Man - Tungusic explanation is agitated or mad Flurry, and contains the meaning of divination. as Witchcraft, Shamanism is considered to be the intermediary between man and God. so we can understand about the Prophet (Farseer) setting is no doubt that he is the senior shaman.
Juggernaut (BladeMaster) is agile in the game strong hero, Blizzard set the Juggernaut is the Horde's elite soldiers, they have a superb fencing Burning Blade Juggernaut who is member of the tribe, and later the fire edge by its own tribal forces of evil destroyed. the fire edge tribes divided, the sword Saint-toting tribal totem, in order to save their own brothers and tribal fighting. Under the leadership of the Saar, the Juggernaut again joined the army of orcs, as their young leader's personal bodyguard. DnD also similar in the description , Juggernaut is a powerful warrior, the sword they have to the superb level. Of course, the term we have more space for reverie, FSS Nagano big God is the day of the Knight in the Juggernaut, Di Mosi. Haiya La Church of the In order to defend their own culture and pledge allegiance to the powerful orc warrior, known to bravery and pride. Greek mythology Mi Connaught Taos (Minotaurus) is the head of a cow's monster, the legend is oxen and Crete (Minos) Queen Paxi method born, twice the height with ordinary people, screaming, can shake the whole city, so King Minos of Crete (Minos) craftsmen built a maze of life, the indemnity promise Taos trapped inside, the city of Athens and forced the seven young men and women each year dedicated to it to eat, and ultimately it is the heroic Prince Theseus of Athens (Theseus) to kill. Mi Connaught Tao (Minotaur) is expressed by the Minoan culture Bull said the Latin GAO, that other creatures are lower than them, kill them just like that kill a bug, they are bad-tempered, staunch, often on the slightest provocation and others hands-on, most of the Wynn does not lose Another feature they will not get lost in the maze, so there are many Tauren would choose as their place of residence maze. No matter what kind of origin, the Tauren are a strong force, is based on this , a member of the game Tauren tribes to bring the enemy force of the earthquake, but no small perturbation.
was originally grown in northern Lordaeron Headhunter (Head Hunter) in the Warcraft 3 Orc army joined in again , in times of war, those who did not hesitate to pick up the search of their spears to fight the military victory. headhunting tribe is a primitive savage tribes, can be described as notorious, known to hunt heads, in the primitive tribes in many parts of the world have had their presence. predators (Raider) role in the game most of the siege and the use of trap nets, and to capture the resource. LOTR2 their shape as the cavalry in the wolf, but it seems not so powerful single combat capability of troops.
As said earlier, Shaman (Shaman) were shamanic shamans draw from the power of nature and the elements. The witch (Witch Doctor) through chemical enhancement of fighting Orc Army capacity. Witchcraft and medicine in ancient society are all very close, long time and used witchcraft and medicine, developed mastered and a mutual reliance of the universe and view of life, will experience the life of the universe such as analysis combined with . Witchcraft is the survival of early human experience and technology, its historical status and value of evaluation of today are different, most of the magic from a scientific standpoint that the midwife the birth of science and technology, while others think that witchcraft is the development of science and technology popularization obstacles, magic and medicine come from ancient cultures, primitive society as a system of cause and, with a magic way with medicine and used to treat the disease, which led to the birth of professional witch doctor, and now does seem to Xuan Hu But in the game witch doctor to continue the development of ancient civilization, as skilled use of the military skills of the existence of secondary treatment.
air forces as the only orcs, dragon knight (Wyvern Rider) plays a very important role. Wyvern (Wyvern) Dragon and the Griffin flowing body (Gryphon, Griffin in the former paper) the dual blood, allowing them to fight orcs riding. they often appear in England's national emblem biology, has two full wings, looks remarkably like the shape of a dragon. wyvern fantasy scenes story of the strong, the information in the articles Neverwinter Nights Neverwinter Nights: Shadows of Undrentide, the wyvern will also serve as a new monster.
the great plains of Kalimdor Kodo (Kodo Beast) is a valuable ally of the orc army kodo beasts, burdened with the drums of war are fighting for the orcs to add strength and courage. the game more violent families The alternative is more extreme tactics, it is still mainly a drum to increase the morale of the Orcs hammers auxiliary role. in ancient legend, the Yellow Emperor Chi War generals often the first time offered advice to deal with the Yellow Emperor made drum ghosts who fear noise, but did not find the right drum, to the often the first nine days Xuannv Tuomeng said: usually not very active, but appeared, the sea wind is not raining; two eyes emitted rays, like the sun and the moon; a roar bigger than the thunder, this monster Ming Jiaolei beast. It is carefree day in the sea, like lying on his back, belly to claw for the music, and each slap belly, thunder rang loudly. Kui Niu Pimeng with drums, with a drumstick bone Ultralisk, struck up, the earth was moving, the power of infinity. Kui few days will will come back to kill cattle and Ultralisk arrest, then often the first design, 50 days into the Kui Meng Niu drum 800 surface, made of Ultralisk drumstick 160. Zhuolu legend in World War II started, Kui had to face the Yellow Emperor in 800 drums ambush in the dark, when the Chi army troops rushed to the forefront of the Yellow Emperor, the Yellow Emperor wave of his hand, and 80 large drums together skirmishing, Chi has not been fighting the army to be drums so loudly that people turned car Yang, deafness, vertigo, all of them moved, defeated. then the war drums of war can not only boost morale, but also served as a battlefield signals to the role. so, Kodo, but carries the key to victory.
castaways destination
Goblin (Goblin) is increasingly being we know that in many of the world in which they are small, evil group, Goblin complex sources, many people think it comes from the myth of the Vikings, Mr. Zhu Xueheng analysis Celtic mythology, the little brown monster (Brown-ie), this monster in the middle of the night to take care of livestock, the farm or family, but if the criticism is starting mischief; was found or if the offer in addition to food other than gifts, they will permanently leave the farm. The other is Red Hat (Red Cap), they are killing the bloodthirsty, would have no reason to slaughter all kinds of small animals, the head of the hat is the use of blood dyed. Red Hat are also frequently seen in battle over, simply to enjoy the thrill of blood products.
addition, Tolkien ) mixed from. In this world of goblins has been widely used term, refers to those foolish, ignorant and arrogant people LOTR2 effective example is the recent release, if people view it simply completed the emotion of the film version of Warcraft 3 , fantasy fans will certainly not escape being accused of serious Goblin fate, to know Tolkien (JRR Tolkien) and The.
the bright dying civilization throughout the ancient Kalimdor footprint wizard, went through years of war later, this civilization moving towards division, the Night Elves (Night Elf) and the High Elf (High Elf) each hold different beliefs parted ways, which is the plot in War3 owner of Silvermoon City, and still living in the night elves of Kalimdor was we know, this is a female-dominated groups, as Blizzard did not give too much information can only guess it was probably in the Forgotten Realms Dark Elf (Dark Elf) belong to a matriarchal society.
earthly people ah! Please listen to the voice of Sage ......< br> like Tears of Heaven,
wash away the embers in the history of Dragon gun in the Zhanre dust and tears;
language and memory in humans can not be described in the old days, era,
first in the world the dawn now,
ignorant in the three rounds of the moon rises from the bosom of the forest,
huge Dragon, terror and dignity,
Klein set off in the war of terror. .....< br> mm Moon), quiet subtle blend of death. As the most representative of Warcraft III heroine, and she seemed very attractive to all, but about her and her horse, one can not but think of another kind of image mm g Li Shanna, is the daughter of God, so that the famous family dependents Raistlin. Margery management in the of sleep, I dream of her. . The idea of course is not common, known as Xiao Qiang Zi five groups often have such a radical move on, but many people still enjoy the oriental style with bronze Saint Seiya, also, Demon Hunter's self-sacrifice also won many plaudits. can not be understood by our compatriots, their errors and quietly fighting Dark Templar in the StarCraft somewhat similar to the What happened, and they are also armed with two knives, the majestic can not help but think of displaced people Dark Elf Drizzt.
compared Keeper (Keeper of the Grove), many players prefer a very cool and slim and moving the demon hunter women worship the moon, who complain Keeper of the old state and post more Longzhong Fat useless combat skills, but the story in the game design, these semi-god Senna Cornelius is undoubtedly the favorite son of the powerful, Blizzard account has a half-elf half Guardian Bucks appearance. the game in their half of the shape and Sagittarius resembles, and indeed many people mistake it as Centaur. most of the myth is the troublemaker in the Centaur family, love Lu Jie and looting. but there are exceptions, people are willing to Los Tao Chiron (Chiron) thorough knowledge of music literature and art , astronomy, geography, medicine, and even predicted that Sage is a big mountain forests, which reminds us of the wise as if half-god Senna Cornelius. Unfortunately, his students, the great hero Hercules (Heracles) and the Centaur a family conflict, Chiron was soaking water snake Hydra (Lernaean Hydra) the blood of poisoned arrows by the accidental injury, no drugs solutions, and ultimately he gave up eternal life in exchange for the Prometheus (Prometheus) of freedom, Zeus (Zeus) ascended to heaven as Sagittarius. Later, Heracles was the goat Centaur Nessus (Nessus) design of the killing.
Looking at the slender, melodious tone of the female shooter (Archer), who They can think of to ninety people gathered after the terrorist spike it. fantasy world where the traditional bow and arrow is a wizard weapons, Blizzard obviously do not want to lose these beautiful women to kill with such a gentle and elegant, LOTR The Wizard Le Gou Las (Legolas) have done a superb job it is to juggle bows and arrows to win a lot of favor. and as cold weapons, bows and arrows and so much more history than the sword Yuan Yuan, and its use of technology in the history of human society as a whole it is a development role The real revolution, ancient occasion, our ancestors in order to survive, have struggled with nature and wild beasts fight. In the long course of development, mankind has created a lot of equipment, but only sticks and stones and other forms of natural objects, attack the limited distance; and bow and arrow is the man to stone, bone and wooden tools to create complex, long-range shooting at the time was the most effective weapons. Engels in the period, as the iron swords and guns for the barbaric period of time for the civilized way, but the decisive weapon. (Huntress) plays a key reconnaissance forces, the moon goddess Ai Lu Nepal gave them power, they rode fierce battle Panthers ride. We can be understood as a Night Elf Huntress scout cavalry, they use a kind of hand shape Sword (shuriken) the long-range weapons.
Blizzard will set the cursed centaur tribes, and Dryad (Dryad) is their cousin, half-god Senna Cornelius daughter. Dryad from druids the original term that the Druids. Dryad in Rome, the goddess of Greek mythology, means the forest, live oak tree, the legend with each of the wizard, and these dryad dryads to human communication through the oracle, so the game usually dryad Dryad's image appears . Rui (Druid) can control the angry storm, the rising sun of the moderate forces, clever fox, giant bears and other fierce force things. But the city people do not like Druid Exaggeration is not real, self-righteous nature of the owner, on the contrary , they get through into the nature of the forces of nature. dared to invade the Holy Land and to annoy their druid, then, we can clearly understand it. , as a strong ally of the night elves, in reality, they also have a decent background sources. Druid understanding of the term can be separated, the first half and the Greek Most are from the Roman and Greek literature, or from the forest, altars, temples and other sites to find a few clues in the accident. On the plain located in the Si Boli (Salisbury Plain) of the famous monuments Stonehenge (Stonehenge), There is a saying that this is not passed in Great Britain before the local Christian Celts (Celts) believed in the Druids (Druid) established by the temple, it could be hanged Druid place of believers. earliest history books Mission on the records of the Druids mostly in sub-Zhu Li. Caesar and the Roman historian Tacitus, the great works of Sri Lanka, they mostly describe Druidism wild terror, told the Senate when Caesar Gallic expedition report : !, Brahman (Brahmins), the Persian jacket Monk (Magi), the Egyptian priest (Priests) and shaman (Shaman) side by side. Druid priests 5th century BC to 1st century AD, are scattered in Gaul, Britain, Ireland, Europe , Asia Minor and the Balkans Celtics play in the family of the priest, rabbi or prophet, has a lofty status. around the 1st century AD, the Roman Empire Jubing growing crusade against the Celtics, Tacitus recorded in Sri Lanka this battle, the Druids dressed in black, jump in the Celtic army, shouting the name of god, harsh and cursing the Roman Empire. After the defeat of the Celtics, Druids were Roman bloodbath, the priest's body dumped in Druid sacred forest, then on their prestige for centuries down to the status of common shaman, the former glory gone, only a sad elegy recited methotrexate alone. Now, We can in some retro fun to see them follow the example of sports bodies, but the real impact we still do anything they want in the game that the caster.
When it appears, will always lead to bursts of panic, with such a deterrent Force branches of the military is not much Chimera (Chimaera) is undoubtedly one of them. From the Ashes Valley forests they live in harmony and the horrors of night elf beast, need to understand, commonly known as double-headed dragon is not suitable for Chimaera.Chimaera The term comes from the Greek cimaira, Latin became the Chimaera. It is a giant in Greek mythology, Typhon (Typhon) and the basilisk Ekadenuo (Echinda) many children in a monster, rumors of a bust on it lion in the middle like a goat, lower body, like the dragon, the mouth Breath the fire, eventually driving riding wings 飞马珀伽索斯 (Pegasus) in the Pole Luo Feng (Bellerophon) of the shot, we are familiar with the most holy Xiao Qiang fighter belongs Pegasus Seiya, it is also a symbol of 飞马珀伽索斯. Chimaera's father, so that the gods feared the giant Typhon, Zeus has been interrupted (Zeus) tesujis hamstring, but was later Zeus to dying with the lightning struck, the volcanic island of Sicily near the fall. Blizzard War3 to Chimaera instead of Zeus in the control of lightning, and can spit corrosive acid, it is indeed the spirit of the original aims to spoof.
as the burning Corps Scourge vanguard, by countless zombies, ghosts, monsters cursed life and the souls of family consisting of (Undead) of the Lich King Ner'zhul began under the control of pollution, every inch of the land of Azeroth. fantasy world appears frequently Undead , which is usually defined as a soul, but no life. War3 in many Western players prefer to use Lich (Lich), in addition to his own powerful, seems to have the impact of Dungeons & Dragons.
Lich is the world of traditional DnD The existence of the strongest undead, undead creature's controller, the magic user wizard or warlock is usually, but sometimes there are priests. the power of their own continuity of life by unnatural means, to a strong and give up life. Usually they are deep black eye socket, and that which is empty, only two points shimmer. Lich in the darkest circumstances depending on the material, but also from the impact of light. Lich's side will be emitted from the cold and dark De field. Lich game obviously still mired in the shape of this style. sky petals, heavy footsteps, chill with the sword, blood, marble boards. Scourge is coming, he is no longer a guardian of human Paladin , light and he was gone.
Undead Knights (Death Knight) Eersaisi. DnD template, dead knight is from the decadent Lich Paladin (Paladin), and the darkness of talented guards (BlackGuard) the produce is a form of terror, they are wearing armor bones appear during his lifetime, his eyes rot, burning eyes and two dark red light. It is clear that the image of the game as much as possible in the beautification of the noble knight those who have the human. the Middle Ages, people believed that evil shaped by a dark horse dreams are caused by demons, and that is a nightmare (Nightmare), the game in the dead knight's horse. In DnD it also has a decent template attack, hoof fuel, breath to breath sulfur smoke.
fear of the devil (Dread Lord) chieftains loyal to the Legion of Kiel Garden, plot arranged for them to monitor the Lich King Ner'zhul, but later was dead against Army control, ...
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
Nikkei News Portuguese Finance Minister said it would choose the financing from the market
Portuguese Finance Minister Santos (Fernando Teixeira dos Santos) In an interview with
Portugal has been 4 months and 6 months to maturity bond financing of 2 / 3 of the funds, of which about 70% came from foreign investors. The recent surge in bond yields, Portugal, Santos believes that the long-term interest rates will not always remain at current high levels.
Portugal about 43 billion euros (5.89 billion U.S. dollars) of bonds will expire in April, followed by 6 months of 49 billion euros of bonds redeemed.
Santos had repeatedly said the country needed to raise funds in the market, in response to the media outside assistance for the report is being prepared.
Portugal, January 26 Congress passed the 2011 budget to 2011 budget deficit-GDP ratio from 7.3% in 2010 to 4.6%.
the burden of debt and deficit, Portugal, the cost of financing in the bond market rose sharply, triggering step for the country may suffer the fate of Greece and Ireland to apply for international assistance guess.
(This article Source: FX168)
Portugal has been 4 months and 6 months to maturity bond financing of 2 / 3 of the funds, of which about 70% came from foreign investors. The recent surge in bond yields, Portugal, Santos believes that the long-term interest rates will not always remain at current high levels.
Portugal about 43 billion euros (5.89 billion U.S. dollars) of bonds will expire in April, followed by 6 months of 49 billion euros of bonds redeemed.
Santos had repeatedly said the country needed to raise funds in the market, in response to the media outside assistance for the report is being prepared.
Portugal, January 26 Congress passed the 2011 budget to 2011 budget deficit-GDP ratio from 7.3% in 2010 to 4.6%.
the burden of debt and deficit, Portugal, the cost of financing in the bond market rose sharply, triggering step for the country may suffer the fate of Greece and Ireland to apply for international assistance guess.
(This article Source: FX168)
Monday, February 21, 2011
April 15 of lung cancer patient were then targeted therapy
Before entering the interview, we recommend users look at the following two videos:
First, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cancer Hospital Professor Shi Yuankai about the treatment of advanced lung cancer
Second, China's leading lung cancer experts, the Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Professor Wu Yilong about lung cancer Interview with the latest progress of the treatment
theme: rainbow leap of life, so life is no longer helpless
mm Sohu series of interviews on the health of the patient tumors were then targeted therapy for lung cancer
interview guest: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Professor Shi Yuankai
Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Professor Han Baohui
Professor Zhou Caicun
Cancer Hospital Affiliated Professor Zhang Li
lung cancer patients following interview
Record:
Moderator: Good afternoon, friends, Welcome to Sohu health interview, the invited guests today can be described as luxury lineup. is from Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou of lung cancer specialists, three are domestic authority in the field of lung cancer. They are the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cancer Hospital, vice president, oncology director Professor Shi Yuankai, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai Chest Hospital, Professor Han Baohui director of pulmonary medicine, there is a director of Tongji University, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Oncology Professor Zhou Caicun, the other One is a Cancer Hospital Affiliated Professor Zhang Li, deputy director of internal medicine.
In particular, we invited a special guest, he is a lung cancer patient, interview his own experience will be an expert and you friends with you He tells about the experience of the struggle with lung cancer.
now officially entered the interview.
why the high incidence of lung cancer?
Moderator: current threat to human health, lung cancer has become the second largest killer. Now Lung Cancer disease situation, first of Professor Han Baohui make a brief introduction.
Shanghai Chest Hospital, Professor Han Baohui
Han Baohui: Good afternoon netizens. We are very pleased to Beijing and Guangzhou for tumor promotion experts weeks to do publicity, we know that lung cancer is a serious threat to people's health cancer, its incidence in men is the first, second place in the female.
epidemiological data based on our country, in 2005 the information on each of diagnosis of lung cancer in our country, nearly 50 million people, is a very large crowd. This gives us an expert in cancer treatment presents a serious issue. also led us to better use weapons and the means to provide a good treatment of patients with lung cancer. We are very pleased with such a platform Cancer Awareness Week, the latest cancer treatment information and ideas and concern for the majority of lung cancer patients and people to do publicity and presentation. I hope we can promote the introduction and prevention and treatment of lung cancer, especially in the treatment able to provide some meaningful information.
Moderator: Professor Han through the introduction earlier, we know that lung cancer incidence in China has now is very serious. then able to briefly explain The reasons for the increased incidence of what?
Han Baohui: Lung cancer is the cause of a comprehensive, exact reasons still under study, but are more common reason is smoking. specific responses, the first is the creation of a healthy, smoke-free environment, which is the most important.
Moderator: introduction by Professor Han, we see that the incidence of lung cancer has increased this year, with the increase in the incidence of it in recent years for lung cancer What progress in treatment? Please make a brief introduction Professor Zhou.
Tongji University, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Professor Zhou Caicun
ZHOU Cai-cun: We know that these specific tumor pathogenesis. We developed a new targeted drugs has been applied to the clinical treatment of lung cancer. I think the first point is combined with chemotherapy can be discussed, combined with our past treatment of the platform, there are a lot of progress effect. for the epidermal growth cycle, cell wall treatment, have played a very good role. compared with chemotherapy alone, significantly reduced pain in patients. This is worth something happy patients and medical staff.
how early detection of lung cancer
Moderator: early detection of lung cancer is not very difficult? < br> Han Baohui: Lung cancer is actually a source of fat in the lung disease, and its manifestations are many and varied. a lot of performance is not associated with the respiratory tract. So we emphasize the diagnosis of lung cancer, the first of a regular medical examination to emphasize , for example, more than 45 years of age, family history, smoking habits of patients, which is high-risk groups, to regular inspection, rather than the onset of symptoms later examination. If you check the gap period in peacetime, there has been sputum with bloodshot eyes, or the symptoms of chest tightness, etc., do not let your guard down, but also timely to the hospital to be checked. Of course, there are many aspects of this examination, including blood tests, including chest perspective, when necessary, examination of sputum, or Dialysis is a chest scan. By doing this, an early discovery of the tumor. because most early tumors are more hidden. we first have to be vigilant, while the second time check, the third time in a lung, we should check in advance .
Moderator: There are national screening program for lung cancer for you?
Hanbao Hui: We attach great importance to this country, but also put a lot of funds in the National Eleventh Five-added research projects such a project. early lung cancer screening is a very vast projects. This involves health economics, namely, the number of state and government to invest money found a patient. existing methods, our examination of sputum every six months, sub- of scanning, or physical examination is necessary. But the question is who will pay for this investment is? I think this need for reasonable arrangements to achieve the best economic investment to produce the best results. both to maximize identify problems, and better use of resources.
Moderator: Most of the clinical experience of lung cancer is advanced, Professor Zhou friends can explain to us what kind of lung cancer are the late ?
ZHOU Cai-cun: Because there are no symptoms of early lung cancer, there are symptoms of a medical point of view of our time, most have been to the middle and late, and lost opportunities for surgery. In our patients, two-thirds of patients are late or close to the late opportunities. terminally ill patients or patients with locally advanced, through our current treatment is chemotherapy or radiotherapy, are often relatively poor efficacy. so we should pay attention to the issue of early detection.
I think that some patients should be highly alert to the occurrence of lung cancer. For example, high-risk groups, there are some unexplained shoulder, often without relief of pain, pneumonia is always the same position, or is unexplained, hypertrophy of bone and joint patients, we should make the check to rule out the possibility of lung cancer, which is our emphasis on early diagnosis. early stage lung cancer patients, usually in three previous patients, we believe that there are opportunities for demobilized. Once discovered, can be cut patients, let them do surgery, if the inoperable patients, we mainly with chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Moderator: two experts in the treatment process has not encountered any particular typical example, patients can adjust their attitude, has been fighting lung full of defeat?
Hanbao Hui: We do today's theme is a new method of treatment of lung cancer in the past, we faced a lot of advanced lung cancer patients, radiation therapy if he failed, he lost the treatment. If he can not do chemotherapy, he also lost his treatment. such as some elderly patients, he was diagnosed when the body is weak, the chemotherapy and radiation therapy are difficult, we will be helpless.
since the advent of targeted therapy, we have a very good drug, after the failure of chemotherapy can still achieve very good results. This is the targeted therapy brings new hope to patients.
so I give the majority of patients made some comments, advanced cancer does not mean there is no hope, we are now with the development of technology, with the advent of new drugs constantly, constantly enriched with the treatment, the treatment combination of new methods, new technologies to enter, I would like to , our future treatment of advanced lung cancer, can have more than a combination of means to achieve better patient. So, I think patients should have advanced the confidence of our cancer patients can achieve better results. This thing I bring to the majority of patients this information, I hope they do indomitable courage and fight disease.
the case of standard treatment of lung cancer
Moderator: So the treatment of lung cancer should go by. below Professor Shi Yuankai, please give us a brief introduction, the case of standard treatment of lung cancer.
Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Professor Shi Yuankai
Shiyuan Kai: the so-called standard treatment, that is, a large number of clinical studies based on the results of clinical studies to different types of diseases, and different stage of disease, and various disease states, patient physical condition, etc., developed a standardized treatment. is based on a large number of clinical studies, the clinical is the so-called Our original approach with which approach is better than it? If the new treatment options is good, we should adopt a new treatment approach, the only way we can allow patients to get the maximum, the best benefit, we can make reduce unnecessary treatment of patients with the hassle, or pain and setbacks. these norms, that is, on the basis of a large number of clinical studies developed. only in accordance with the implementation of such a specification, to be able to get the most benefit for patients.
Moderator: lung cancer points one, two, three and four. like this one, two, three, four phases of lung cancer, their treatment is differentiated?
Dan Yuankai: Lung cancer in accordance with international The staging can be divided into one, two, three, four. the first and second is more limited, Phase III is extensive, more than three virtually no chance of treatment.
patients with early After we reasonably comprehensive treatment based on surgery can allow patients to get better results. three or more, four phases of lung cancer based mainly on the body, surgery is basically no chance. one of the lung, the main is surgery, after surgery, is not used too much of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. If there are special factors that bad, you can consider making some appropriate adjuvant chemotherapy, but the vast majority do not do. two of the patients is mainly postoperative chemotherapy after surgery did not do radiation. For three or four patients in the patient, because there is no chance of surgery, mainly in the main body treatment.
how to treat patients with lung cancer?
Moderator: Professor Zhang Li, advanced lung cancer patients how to present treatment? Professor Zhou told us just a moment, 80% belong to the late, late stage of lung cancer patients quality of life and survival through treatment to be able to have any improve?
Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Sun Yat-sen Professor Zhang Li
tension: the treatment of advanced lung cancer patients over the past decade the progress of the situation is good. Twenty years ago, the treatment effect is very poor, efficiency is 10%. Twenty years ago, lung cancer survival rate of only about 10% a year, this data is relatively low, with no treatment, not much difference. Ten years ago we started to progress. We use the older program, one-year survival rate reached 20% to 30%. In recent years, the emergence of three generations of drugs, we can increase the survival rate one year to 40%. We in the twenty years, the survival rate of patients with advanced lung cancer four times. most of the late The patient can live a year, but two years or not, this is our current treatment status.
reflected as targeted therapy, in particular, there's a new drug market, the emergence of these drugs, we can 50% of patients survive one year later. His survival may exceed 12 months, we can see in the next two or three years, the next research goal is to the survival of advanced lung cancer two years ahead of the . Although we cure cancer, can not eradicate the tumor, but you can bring the patient survival.
Moderator: previous treatment for advanced lung cancer are mostly chemotherapy, but the side effects of chemotherapy is also great, very painful in some patients . because most of them are elderly people with advanced lung cancer accounted for the majority, for such patients, is not it more suitable for targeted therapy?
tension: can not be completely absolute. Generally speaking, chemotherapy, chemotherapy than non-chemotherapy patients patients, on the one hand to improve the quality of life, on the other hand, survival also increased. So, as we currently do not the so-called life, there is chemotherapy, chemotherapy is more than we do over a period of time. not for all people Targeted therapy is effective. For me, one more targeted therapy, for our more than a means of treatment, one more to add. rather than saying it targeted therapy after chemotherapy had no effect. And We hope to get more patients and more effective treatment. We want a more objective look at this issue.
the efficacy of targeted therapies and the application of the crowd
Moderator: Professor Han then please give us friends introduce specific targeted therapy for advanced lung cancer how? bring it to our patients what the benefits?
Hanbao Hui: We are in advanced cancer therapy, or to play the advantages of various treatments. such as chemotherapy efficiency can reach 30%, previous chemotherapy, if invalid, may we at his wits end. But now we have added a targeted therapy.
targeted therapy in our country now have two drugs, one is Tarceva, Iressa, both drugs effective treatment of lung cancer rate of up to 7% to 20%. This and the effect of chemotherapy is quite. but its advantage is that, for advanced tumors, even if chemotherapy is invalid, or chemotherapy ineffective, and relatively poor physical and chemotherapy patients with poor conditions, and then use targeted therapy, also can play a better therapeutic effect. Another point, short-term chemotherapy can be close to 30% efficiency, but we can see a higher ratio is obtained by targeted therapy, to achieve 70% to 80% of the disease control rate, patient is stable, reasonable living.
we can not completely cure the cancer out, but we can let patients and coexistence of tumor and the survival of good quality. This is our short-term goal of the treatment of cancer. not completely overcome the tumor out, but let him live longer and live better. This is a targeted therapy can give advanced lung cancer patients the greatest gospel. targeted therapy we have one more choice, more than any other weapons.
Moderator: Professor Zhou is now able to introduce specific targeted therapy can be used for which patients? is not After the failure of the first chemotherapy treatment must be to use targeted drugs?
ZHOU Cai-cun: in the late second or third-line lung cancer cases, according to the economic situation of the patient to select the targeted therapy. For the first-line patients, if you can not do chemotherapy, or is the old patients, we can use first-line targeted therapy. such as patients over 80 years, chemotherapy has not been possible to use. For such patients, we can use targeted therapy. Similarly, a relatively poor PS (PS score should reach one-third, quarter), PS two points, a relatively high age of patients, we may consider targeted therapy. we generally think that, in the first-line chemotherapy, the tumor growth in patients, targeted therapy is the most appropriate a group of people. first-line chemotherapy is relatively large, in the second-line treatment, we can give priority to select the targeted therapy. or the first-line treatment after a body is poor, we can choose targeted therapy. to a third-line therapy after targeting treatment can play a leading role. In the third line, after chemotherapy, the patient used twice, we can choose targeted therapy.
which patients better use of targeted drug therapy
Moderator: For patients, whether to use targeted therapy there are individual differences? some people sensitive to drugs, medication effects, and some not so good treatment.
tension: clinical results from the present perspective, the current targeted therapy There are some advantages of the so-called people. such as the drug Tarceva, may have gene mutations in patients, or patients with overexpression of genes may be a more appropriate population. Similarly, these groups are compared to chemotherapy sensitive populations.
far, we have unraveled the mystery of science. because the targeted therapy is a choice of people, certainly there are ways to help us identify which people can more easily benefit. from the existing practices first-line treatment when we stand now do its own choice, second-and third-line do we advocate for patient choice. Generally speaking, the second and third tier of the patients we advocate targeted therapy for patients try.
chair man: identification of these third-line patients, we do not have clear evidence to prove that a mutation is more likely to benefit patients, you can not prove that no mutation of the patients can not benefit. For those patients with advanced, second and third-line therapy, has been do not have much choice, so that patients, if there is hope, we must give patients more choice of treatment.
tension: the angle of detection there is a problem, we know that if you want to test a project, to be an open project, but also through price approval before they can carry out our routine testing. At present, test method if using existing technology, about two thousand dollars to spend about a week or two also weeks between the need to be of human, material consumption. there part of the technically limited, not every patient can do.
Moderator: current clinical application targeted therapy for patients with advanced lung cancer How much efficiency can be achieved?
tension: If the three indicators at the same time with its efficiency is 50%. We do not have clear indicators, clinical indicators have been used as first-line number to use, while three indicators available, it is may be considered first-line treatment for targeted therapy. If the current treatment options targeting the population higher than conventional chemotherapy, I can not be considered first-line chemotherapy in patients with targeted therapy. including our experts sit in to do this several research in this area. Through these relatively simple methods, are useful in the field to find some patients so that you can take personalized treatment to patients, rather than uniform chemotherapy.
Shiyuan Kai: So, this year a number of international standards measures began to lung cancer treatment recommended for those who do are more likely to benefit from targeted therapy for patients.
targeted therapies that are effective performance
rash Moderator: We all know the side effects of cancer chemotherapy is very obvious, there may be hair loss, and some bone marrow suppression. For this new targeted therapy, which is what the side effects?
Dan Yuankai: targeted therapy has some side effects, but the chemotherapy phase and ratio, light a lot. The most common side effects are skin rash, and diarrhea, nail and skin damage. such damages most cases are relatively mild, the patient can tolerate.
Moderator: For the target side effects to the treatment resulted in a rash, the patient should be how to treat?
tension: As you know, our drug called epidermal growth factor network histidine kinase inhibitors. the so-called targeted therapy, compared with our traditional treatment, but higher selectivity only. rashes is a common side effect of targeted therapy. Meanwhile, in the clinical setting, doctors judged it as a indicator of efficacy. If there is a rash, probably the same in the body will achieve the same effect. Therefore, skin rash, for the doctors concerned, is to see a good news, marks the drugs on the tumor plays a role. Therefore, under normal circumstances we will do with the patient to explain, to tell the patient the rash is likely to represent you is the onset of the patients a drug, or a patient benefit, but if a very powerful, we may have some ways to help alleviate the symptoms of the patient.
February this year we are in the specialized experts in the field of lung cancer organized the drafting of a targeted therapy drug therapy rash consensus, a consensus that we learn through this targeted therapy can handle the situation caused the rash. and his treatment effect is quite satisfactory. rashes on the one hand is a good message, on the other hand, it can be controlled.
Moderator: rash later is will slowly subside?
Shiyuan Kai: If the word rash reflect a relatively significant number of the beginning, the vast majority of patients As the treatment time, coupled with the control of the rash the doctor, such as a very serious skin rash, the doctor may consider stopping the medication a little one day, or reduce the dosage. such treatment, most patients over a period of time rash will get better relief. a large number of foreign studies have demonstrated the severity of the rash, or skin rash is not out of the efficacy and patient are relevant. So we were going well explained by the patient and hope the patient able to meet with the doctor actively to take some positive measures to enable the vast majority of patients able to carry on the treatment well.
targeted therapy in lung cancer patients should pay attention to what?
Moderator: For targeted therapy in patients with advanced lung cancer during the process, we should pay attention to what?
ZHOU Cai-cun: first to note that skin rash is the most common side effects of targeted therapy. I recommend that patients try to avoid the sun. Secondly, I suggest that you use, it should use the more moderate wash supplies, for easy hair is easy to send athlete's foot, or periodontitis patients, but also pay attention to. Again, I remind you that the rash is the effect of the signal continuously, but also efficacy standard.
need to draw our attention are diarrhea, skin rashes and we know, in-house to cause diarrhea, diarrhea is appeared after the second week, reached a peak in about 15 days, if the patient once they reach the peak , I recommend that patients use drugs targeted against diarrhea. Our clinical findings have some side effects of the drug Tarceva, but after using the drug treatment, symptoms can be alleviated. Third, we must periodically check liver function, we found Targeted therapy also can cause liver damage, it is recommended you in a month or so, check liver function. In clinical practice, we usually give the patient the patient about a month to do a test to check the progress of the tumor, evaluate Symptoms of the tumor is small, it is worthy of our attention and deserves our attention aspects.
Moderator: In our early preview of a problem that a lot of friends, eating Tarceva, pre-skin reaction, it does not reflect, but this is not from the resistance?
Dan Yuankai: should not be the case. rashes reflection occurs around week after the general administration of the most obvious for some time, it is free to mitigation, not the symptoms reflected the effect of changes in the future. should not be interpreted this way.
Moderator: users will not worry about Tarceva resistant?
Dan Yuankai: any one drug, to a certain time, of resistance. This resistance is a time process. Some patients may eat a very long time, eat well, and some patients may eat very short time there will be the progress of the disease, and some patients had no effect resistance can also occur. resistance situation is different for each patient, can not be generalized, the analysis should be based on the specific situation.
expert users questions
Moderator: Professor Han of our users consult a problem. He was 79 years old, previously had lung cysts, and today found bloody sputum, and later discovered the cancer cells, but from both CT and chest X-ray can not see. Some doctors advise them to check the chest, but they are taking into account age too much, how can diagnosis?
Han Baohui: because he did not provide a detailed CT positioning, where, how much is in what position, but also to the hospital for further examination. He can be found in tumor cells is through sputum examination or through the organs examined. because the cancer may be associated with lymph node metastasis and other organs of the situation. If you want to design a treatment plan for him, we must first perform a comprehensive assessment of physical condition, it is necessary . I think he is qualified to go to a professional hospital, the first to be qualitative, is indeed cancer, lung cancer is indeed the second period to see where he belongs. Third, his overall assessment of health status and condition of . can be targeted to this patient to develop the most reasonable solution.
Moderator: There is a users in the use of Iressa, stand up and cough compared to the situation, and this is not the adverse drug reaction?
Han Baohui : did not know he was just starting to eat or eat due process, which judgment is quite different. because the nasal mucosa occurs, in the Iressa and other drugs can be met, he was such a situation, we also need to ask carefully. because of his data and information provided is not too full.
Moderator: cough side effects of targeted therapy is one of you?
Han Baohui: cough and not the relevance of targeted therapy because there are some very few patients have lung reflects the general examination of the patients will be provided through a special specific evidence. generally speaking cough and targeted therapy have not necessarily linked, it also requires a comprehensive consideration, because It's hard to simply say that there is no cough and targeted therapy relationship, but also the patient's chest condition, targeted therapy may be caused by a number of side effects, which is a process of identification.
how to treat patients with traditional Chinese medicine treatment of cancer?
Moderator: users are asking, is not in the process of targeted therapy will eat some of the overall rehabilitation of traditional Chinese medicine is better?
tension: It should be speaking, Chinese traditional medicine in our country, the efficacy of traditional medicine, there is no direct comparative study too. So, now we own point of view, assuming that no significant side effects, we have no objection to eat. Meanwhile, there are some combination of drugs will have some new material We do not advocate the use of patients when the drug, and then taking other drugs, so there will be a lot of other adverse reflection, we can not determine what drugs cause in the end. so under normal circumstances, we do not advocate, as are is an oral drug, we do not recommend mixing together. This situation will lead to adverse reactions, but also may affect the results. In this sense, we do not advocate the routine use of the drug combined with traditional Chinese medicine.
Dan Yuankai: Chinese categorized, there are a variety of mechanisms. There are some herbs on the human body has some side effects, some medicine to pass liver metabolism, it will produce some toxicity, does not mean that there is no toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine. If the two drugs together, may increase the number of side effects, the doctor determine the time necessary to increase the capacity of judge, may affect some of the truth, to bring the treatment to patients unnecessary trouble. If you do To select the medicine, then he should go to a regular hospital for Chinese medicine. please some well-known traditional Chinese medicine doctors give you medicine, so together the two drugs produce toxic side effects.
local treatment of radiofrequency ablation are
Moderator: Recently there are some on-line radiofrequency ablation to say, experts look to the resolution.
tension: the limitations of early lung cancer is a disease, the principle limitations of the disease we must limitations of treatment. If it is late disease, with limited reach of treatment to achieve. for inoperable, but also an early lung cancer, radiofrequency ablation can be made by patients to be fully part of the radical, whether domestic or foreign study has a number of related . If it is advanced lung cancer patients, one lesion with a simple RF ablation, we believe that it does not affect the overall survival of patients. In this sense, we do not recommend for advanced lung cancer patients with this type of local treatment . If the tumor is large, affecting the patient's condition. through palliative radiofrequency ablation, to relieve symptoms temporarily. This situation is exceptional, in addition to the other, we do not advocate routine for RF ablation in patients with advanced methods. < br> After the failure of Iressa treatment, Castro opened the effectiveness?
Moderator: my father was 59 years old, in November 2007 found that the right pleural effusion, pleural microscope, many small nodules, and pleural biopsy obtained The pathology report is the large cell lung cancer, and then to the Beijing Union Medical College Hospital and your redo the pathological, the result, is undifferentiated, and sarcoma-like. obtained in your hospital plus cisplatin chemotherapy of non-selective, two a pleural effusion after treatment stopped, but the tumor grew, and later replaced with docetaxel plus cisplatin degree of grace, but invalid, then eat a month's Iressa, is also invalid, and one month before the start of hemoptysis, lung cancer is now growing rapidly, the patient physically weak, is now home cultivation, such as the physical condition has been restored you can continue to use the Te Luokai, such as Tarceva is invalid, what a good way, thank you, yearn for your reply .
ZHOU Cai-cun: the effect of the treatment the patient is not very good. second-line treatment has failed, and now third-line therapy has failed, in which case I can not say the concept of Tarceva did not work effectively. I can only tell the patient , Tarceva 150 mg when using the plasma concentration of 250 mg than 7 times higher in the case of no way, you can try a month, if that can control the tumor, even if effective, but other options are left not a lot. but there is no other program out of the case, you can try Tarceva. I can not tell him for sure is not effective or efficient.
tension: the users ask is, if you eat Iressa had no effect, there is no effect of Tarceva to eat how to do. to modern science, it is because the drug Iressa had a resistance gene, there are some drugs because of the amount of inhibitor drugs will be not enough happen. the patient for the treatment of drug, the concentration increased, the role of further control can be achieved. we can not judge the patient in the end because drug resistance genes produced dose or because not enough. I agree with Professor Zhou said, Tarceva can try, try this relatively low toxicity of the drug.
Moderator: experts, you are good! my husband in November 2007 found tracheal adenoid cystic carcinoma, tumor 1.5 * 1.3cm .12 7 January tracheal surgery circumcision 3.5cm. pathology report: the upper and lower cut-side are positive invasive adenoid cystic carcinoma. The doctor recommended radiotherapy .08 m3 on 7 January 3 January 34 to do radiation therapy (conformal , minor strength), physical examinations before radiotherapy were no other lesions, CT examination after radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy before: the rear tracheal lymph nodes was significantly reduced, doctors say radiation is better. But the end of radiotherapy 5 days a sudden hemoptysis (sputum more than blood for 20 days), send sputum cytology test 4 times, were found to have cancer. At present, some doctors recommend chemotherapy; but some doctors say chemotherapy for adenoid cystic carcinoma largely ineffective, but also serious side effects of physical injury Let us try to targeted therapy Tarceva. At present he does not know the true condition, good mental, physical recovery is also good, just a little cough, hemoptysis disappeared. please give some expert guidance: Next step how it treated? such as: the need to not chemotherapy, how much damage the body, can directly Tarceva, Tarceva tracheal adenoid cystic carcinoma of the invalid and so on. ask experts to the help.
Shiyuan Kai: He is 1.5t1.7 cm tumor of the tumor, although the location looks good, but the mass is so small, it should be said that the treatment effect is relatively good, the situation should be optional later find out the decision. If there is no recurrence of the tumor, I think patients do not need to rule out.
the direction of future development of targeted therapy
Moderator: Professor Han Baohui can look ahead at what the future development of targeted therapy?
Han Baohui: This topic is very large, targeted therapy ...
First, the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cancer Hospital Professor Shi Yuankai about the treatment of advanced lung cancer
Second, China's leading lung cancer experts, the Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Professor Wu Yilong about lung cancer Interview with the latest progress of the treatment
theme: rainbow leap of life, so life is no longer helpless
mm Sohu series of interviews on the health of the patient tumors were then targeted therapy for lung cancer
interview guest: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Professor Shi Yuankai
Cancer Hospital, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Professor Han Baohui
Professor Zhou Caicun
Cancer Hospital Affiliated Professor Zhang Li
lung cancer patients following interview
Record:
Moderator: Good afternoon, friends, Welcome to Sohu health interview, the invited guests today can be described as luxury lineup. is from Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou of lung cancer specialists, three are domestic authority in the field of lung cancer. They are the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Cancer Hospital, vice president, oncology director Professor Shi Yuankai, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Shanghai Chest Hospital, Professor Han Baohui director of pulmonary medicine, there is a director of Tongji University, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Oncology Professor Zhou Caicun, the other One is a Cancer Hospital Affiliated Professor Zhang Li, deputy director of internal medicine.
In particular, we invited a special guest, he is a lung cancer patient, interview his own experience will be an expert and you friends with you He tells about the experience of the struggle with lung cancer.
now officially entered the interview.
why the high incidence of lung cancer?
Moderator: current threat to human health, lung cancer has become the second largest killer. Now Lung Cancer disease situation, first of Professor Han Baohui make a brief introduction.
Shanghai Chest Hospital, Professor Han Baohui
Han Baohui: Good afternoon netizens. We are very pleased to Beijing and Guangzhou for tumor promotion experts weeks to do publicity, we know that lung cancer is a serious threat to people's health cancer, its incidence in men is the first, second place in the female.
epidemiological data based on our country, in 2005 the information on each of diagnosis of lung cancer in our country, nearly 50 million people, is a very large crowd. This gives us an expert in cancer treatment presents a serious issue. also led us to better use weapons and the means to provide a good treatment of patients with lung cancer. We are very pleased with such a platform Cancer Awareness Week, the latest cancer treatment information and ideas and concern for the majority of lung cancer patients and people to do publicity and presentation. I hope we can promote the introduction and prevention and treatment of lung cancer, especially in the treatment able to provide some meaningful information.
Moderator: Professor Han through the introduction earlier, we know that lung cancer incidence in China has now is very serious. then able to briefly explain The reasons for the increased incidence of what?
Han Baohui: Lung cancer is the cause of a comprehensive, exact reasons still under study, but are more common reason is smoking. specific responses, the first is the creation of a healthy, smoke-free environment, which is the most important.
Moderator: introduction by Professor Han, we see that the incidence of lung cancer has increased this year, with the increase in the incidence of it in recent years for lung cancer What progress in treatment? Please make a brief introduction Professor Zhou.
Tongji University, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital Professor Zhou Caicun
ZHOU Cai-cun: We know that these specific tumor pathogenesis. We developed a new targeted drugs has been applied to the clinical treatment of lung cancer. I think the first point is combined with chemotherapy can be discussed, combined with our past treatment of the platform, there are a lot of progress effect. for the epidermal growth cycle, cell wall treatment, have played a very good role. compared with chemotherapy alone, significantly reduced pain in patients. This is worth something happy patients and medical staff.
how early detection of lung cancer
Moderator: early detection of lung cancer is not very difficult? < br> Han Baohui: Lung cancer is actually a source of fat in the lung disease, and its manifestations are many and varied. a lot of performance is not associated with the respiratory tract. So we emphasize the diagnosis of lung cancer, the first of a regular medical examination to emphasize , for example, more than 45 years of age, family history, smoking habits of patients, which is high-risk groups, to regular inspection, rather than the onset of symptoms later examination. If you check the gap period in peacetime, there has been sputum with bloodshot eyes, or the symptoms of chest tightness, etc., do not let your guard down, but also timely to the hospital to be checked. Of course, there are many aspects of this examination, including blood tests, including chest perspective, when necessary, examination of sputum, or Dialysis is a chest scan. By doing this, an early discovery of the tumor. because most early tumors are more hidden. we first have to be vigilant, while the second time check, the third time in a lung, we should check in advance .
Moderator: There are national screening program for lung cancer for you?
Hanbao Hui: We attach great importance to this country, but also put a lot of funds in the National Eleventh Five-added research projects such a project. early lung cancer screening is a very vast projects. This involves health economics, namely, the number of state and government to invest money found a patient. existing methods, our examination of sputum every six months, sub- of scanning, or physical examination is necessary. But the question is who will pay for this investment is? I think this need for reasonable arrangements to achieve the best economic investment to produce the best results. both to maximize identify problems, and better use of resources.
Moderator: Most of the clinical experience of lung cancer is advanced, Professor Zhou friends can explain to us what kind of lung cancer are the late ?
ZHOU Cai-cun: Because there are no symptoms of early lung cancer, there are symptoms of a medical point of view of our time, most have been to the middle and late, and lost opportunities for surgery. In our patients, two-thirds of patients are late or close to the late opportunities. terminally ill patients or patients with locally advanced, through our current treatment is chemotherapy or radiotherapy, are often relatively poor efficacy. so we should pay attention to the issue of early detection.
I think that some patients should be highly alert to the occurrence of lung cancer. For example, high-risk groups, there are some unexplained shoulder, often without relief of pain, pneumonia is always the same position, or is unexplained, hypertrophy of bone and joint patients, we should make the check to rule out the possibility of lung cancer, which is our emphasis on early diagnosis. early stage lung cancer patients, usually in three previous patients, we believe that there are opportunities for demobilized. Once discovered, can be cut patients, let them do surgery, if the inoperable patients, we mainly with chemotherapy or radiotherapy.
Moderator: two experts in the treatment process has not encountered any particular typical example, patients can adjust their attitude, has been fighting lung full of defeat?
Hanbao Hui: We do today's theme is a new method of treatment of lung cancer in the past, we faced a lot of advanced lung cancer patients, radiation therapy if he failed, he lost the treatment. If he can not do chemotherapy, he also lost his treatment. such as some elderly patients, he was diagnosed when the body is weak, the chemotherapy and radiation therapy are difficult, we will be helpless.
since the advent of targeted therapy, we have a very good drug, after the failure of chemotherapy can still achieve very good results. This is the targeted therapy brings new hope to patients.
so I give the majority of patients made some comments, advanced cancer does not mean there is no hope, we are now with the development of technology, with the advent of new drugs constantly, constantly enriched with the treatment, the treatment combination of new methods, new technologies to enter, I would like to , our future treatment of advanced lung cancer, can have more than a combination of means to achieve better patient. So, I think patients should have advanced the confidence of our cancer patients can achieve better results. This thing I bring to the majority of patients this information, I hope they do indomitable courage and fight disease.
the case of standard treatment of lung cancer
Moderator: So the treatment of lung cancer should go by. below Professor Shi Yuankai, please give us a brief introduction, the case of standard treatment of lung cancer.
Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Professor Shi Yuankai
Shiyuan Kai: the so-called standard treatment, that is, a large number of clinical studies based on the results of clinical studies to different types of diseases, and different stage of disease, and various disease states, patient physical condition, etc., developed a standardized treatment. is based on a large number of clinical studies, the clinical is the so-called Our original approach with which approach is better than it? If the new treatment options is good, we should adopt a new treatment approach, the only way we can allow patients to get the maximum, the best benefit, we can make reduce unnecessary treatment of patients with the hassle, or pain and setbacks. these norms, that is, on the basis of a large number of clinical studies developed. only in accordance with the implementation of such a specification, to be able to get the most benefit for patients.
Moderator: lung cancer points one, two, three and four. like this one, two, three, four phases of lung cancer, their treatment is differentiated?
Dan Yuankai: Lung cancer in accordance with international The staging can be divided into one, two, three, four. the first and second is more limited, Phase III is extensive, more than three virtually no chance of treatment.
patients with early After we reasonably comprehensive treatment based on surgery can allow patients to get better results. three or more, four phases of lung cancer based mainly on the body, surgery is basically no chance. one of the lung, the main is surgery, after surgery, is not used too much of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. If there are special factors that bad, you can consider making some appropriate adjuvant chemotherapy, but the vast majority do not do. two of the patients is mainly postoperative chemotherapy after surgery did not do radiation. For three or four patients in the patient, because there is no chance of surgery, mainly in the main body treatment.
how to treat patients with lung cancer?
Moderator: Professor Zhang Li, advanced lung cancer patients how to present treatment? Professor Zhou told us just a moment, 80% belong to the late, late stage of lung cancer patients quality of life and survival through treatment to be able to have any improve?
Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Sun Yat-sen Professor Zhang Li
tension: the treatment of advanced lung cancer patients over the past decade the progress of the situation is good. Twenty years ago, the treatment effect is very poor, efficiency is 10%. Twenty years ago, lung cancer survival rate of only about 10% a year, this data is relatively low, with no treatment, not much difference. Ten years ago we started to progress. We use the older program, one-year survival rate reached 20% to 30%. In recent years, the emergence of three generations of drugs, we can increase the survival rate one year to 40%. We in the twenty years, the survival rate of patients with advanced lung cancer four times. most of the late The patient can live a year, but two years or not, this is our current treatment status.
reflected as targeted therapy, in particular, there's a new drug market, the emergence of these drugs, we can 50% of patients survive one year later. His survival may exceed 12 months, we can see in the next two or three years, the next research goal is to the survival of advanced lung cancer two years ahead of the . Although we cure cancer, can not eradicate the tumor, but you can bring the patient survival.
Moderator: previous treatment for advanced lung cancer are mostly chemotherapy, but the side effects of chemotherapy is also great, very painful in some patients . because most of them are elderly people with advanced lung cancer accounted for the majority, for such patients, is not it more suitable for targeted therapy?
tension: can not be completely absolute. Generally speaking, chemotherapy, chemotherapy than non-chemotherapy patients patients, on the one hand to improve the quality of life, on the other hand, survival also increased. So, as we currently do not the so-called life, there is chemotherapy, chemotherapy is more than we do over a period of time. not for all people Targeted therapy is effective. For me, one more targeted therapy, for our more than a means of treatment, one more to add. rather than saying it targeted therapy after chemotherapy had no effect. And We hope to get more patients and more effective treatment. We want a more objective look at this issue.
the efficacy of targeted therapies and the application of the crowd
Moderator: Professor Han then please give us friends introduce specific targeted therapy for advanced lung cancer how? bring it to our patients what the benefits?
Hanbao Hui: We are in advanced cancer therapy, or to play the advantages of various treatments. such as chemotherapy efficiency can reach 30%, previous chemotherapy, if invalid, may we at his wits end. But now we have added a targeted therapy.
targeted therapy in our country now have two drugs, one is Tarceva, Iressa, both drugs effective treatment of lung cancer rate of up to 7% to 20%. This and the effect of chemotherapy is quite. but its advantage is that, for advanced tumors, even if chemotherapy is invalid, or chemotherapy ineffective, and relatively poor physical and chemotherapy patients with poor conditions, and then use targeted therapy, also can play a better therapeutic effect. Another point, short-term chemotherapy can be close to 30% efficiency, but we can see a higher ratio is obtained by targeted therapy, to achieve 70% to 80% of the disease control rate, patient is stable, reasonable living.
we can not completely cure the cancer out, but we can let patients and coexistence of tumor and the survival of good quality. This is our short-term goal of the treatment of cancer. not completely overcome the tumor out, but let him live longer and live better. This is a targeted therapy can give advanced lung cancer patients the greatest gospel. targeted therapy we have one more choice, more than any other weapons.
Moderator: Professor Zhou is now able to introduce specific targeted therapy can be used for which patients? is not After the failure of the first chemotherapy treatment must be to use targeted drugs?
ZHOU Cai-cun: in the late second or third-line lung cancer cases, according to the economic situation of the patient to select the targeted therapy. For the first-line patients, if you can not do chemotherapy, or is the old patients, we can use first-line targeted therapy. such as patients over 80 years, chemotherapy has not been possible to use. For such patients, we can use targeted therapy. Similarly, a relatively poor PS (PS score should reach one-third, quarter), PS two points, a relatively high age of patients, we may consider targeted therapy. we generally think that, in the first-line chemotherapy, the tumor growth in patients, targeted therapy is the most appropriate a group of people. first-line chemotherapy is relatively large, in the second-line treatment, we can give priority to select the targeted therapy. or the first-line treatment after a body is poor, we can choose targeted therapy. to a third-line therapy after targeting treatment can play a leading role. In the third line, after chemotherapy, the patient used twice, we can choose targeted therapy.
which patients better use of targeted drug therapy
Moderator: For patients, whether to use targeted therapy there are individual differences? some people sensitive to drugs, medication effects, and some not so good treatment.
tension: clinical results from the present perspective, the current targeted therapy There are some advantages of the so-called people. such as the drug Tarceva, may have gene mutations in patients, or patients with overexpression of genes may be a more appropriate population. Similarly, these groups are compared to chemotherapy sensitive populations.
far, we have unraveled the mystery of science. because the targeted therapy is a choice of people, certainly there are ways to help us identify which people can more easily benefit. from the existing practices first-line treatment when we stand now do its own choice, second-and third-line do we advocate for patient choice. Generally speaking, the second and third tier of the patients we advocate targeted therapy for patients try.
chair man: identification of these third-line patients, we do not have clear evidence to prove that a mutation is more likely to benefit patients, you can not prove that no mutation of the patients can not benefit. For those patients with advanced, second and third-line therapy, has been do not have much choice, so that patients, if there is hope, we must give patients more choice of treatment.
tension: the angle of detection there is a problem, we know that if you want to test a project, to be an open project, but also through price approval before they can carry out our routine testing. At present, test method if using existing technology, about two thousand dollars to spend about a week or two also weeks between the need to be of human, material consumption. there part of the technically limited, not every patient can do.
Moderator: current clinical application targeted therapy for patients with advanced lung cancer How much efficiency can be achieved?
tension: If the three indicators at the same time with its efficiency is 50%. We do not have clear indicators, clinical indicators have been used as first-line number to use, while three indicators available, it is may be considered first-line treatment for targeted therapy. If the current treatment options targeting the population higher than conventional chemotherapy, I can not be considered first-line chemotherapy in patients with targeted therapy. including our experts sit in to do this several research in this area. Through these relatively simple methods, are useful in the field to find some patients so that you can take personalized treatment to patients, rather than uniform chemotherapy.
Shiyuan Kai: So, this year a number of international standards measures began to lung cancer treatment recommended for those who do are more likely to benefit from targeted therapy for patients.
targeted therapies that are effective performance
rash Moderator: We all know the side effects of cancer chemotherapy is very obvious, there may be hair loss, and some bone marrow suppression. For this new targeted therapy, which is what the side effects?
Dan Yuankai: targeted therapy has some side effects, but the chemotherapy phase and ratio, light a lot. The most common side effects are skin rash, and diarrhea, nail and skin damage. such damages most cases are relatively mild, the patient can tolerate.
Moderator: For the target side effects to the treatment resulted in a rash, the patient should be how to treat?
tension: As you know, our drug called epidermal growth factor network histidine kinase inhibitors. the so-called targeted therapy, compared with our traditional treatment, but higher selectivity only. rashes is a common side effect of targeted therapy. Meanwhile, in the clinical setting, doctors judged it as a indicator of efficacy. If there is a rash, probably the same in the body will achieve the same effect. Therefore, skin rash, for the doctors concerned, is to see a good news, marks the drugs on the tumor plays a role. Therefore, under normal circumstances we will do with the patient to explain, to tell the patient the rash is likely to represent you is the onset of the patients a drug, or a patient benefit, but if a very powerful, we may have some ways to help alleviate the symptoms of the patient.
February this year we are in the specialized experts in the field of lung cancer organized the drafting of a targeted therapy drug therapy rash consensus, a consensus that we learn through this targeted therapy can handle the situation caused the rash. and his treatment effect is quite satisfactory. rashes on the one hand is a good message, on the other hand, it can be controlled.
Moderator: rash later is will slowly subside?
Shiyuan Kai: If the word rash reflect a relatively significant number of the beginning, the vast majority of patients As the treatment time, coupled with the control of the rash the doctor, such as a very serious skin rash, the doctor may consider stopping the medication a little one day, or reduce the dosage. such treatment, most patients over a period of time rash will get better relief. a large number of foreign studies have demonstrated the severity of the rash, or skin rash is not out of the efficacy and patient are relevant. So we were going well explained by the patient and hope the patient able to meet with the doctor actively to take some positive measures to enable the vast majority of patients able to carry on the treatment well.
targeted therapy in lung cancer patients should pay attention to what?
Moderator: For targeted therapy in patients with advanced lung cancer during the process, we should pay attention to what?
ZHOU Cai-cun: first to note that skin rash is the most common side effects of targeted therapy. I recommend that patients try to avoid the sun. Secondly, I suggest that you use, it should use the more moderate wash supplies, for easy hair is easy to send athlete's foot, or periodontitis patients, but also pay attention to. Again, I remind you that the rash is the effect of the signal continuously, but also efficacy standard.
need to draw our attention are diarrhea, skin rashes and we know, in-house to cause diarrhea, diarrhea is appeared after the second week, reached a peak in about 15 days, if the patient once they reach the peak , I recommend that patients use drugs targeted against diarrhea. Our clinical findings have some side effects of the drug Tarceva, but after using the drug treatment, symptoms can be alleviated. Third, we must periodically check liver function, we found Targeted therapy also can cause liver damage, it is recommended you in a month or so, check liver function. In clinical practice, we usually give the patient the patient about a month to do a test to check the progress of the tumor, evaluate Symptoms of the tumor is small, it is worthy of our attention and deserves our attention aspects.
Moderator: In our early preview of a problem that a lot of friends, eating Tarceva, pre-skin reaction, it does not reflect, but this is not from the resistance?
Dan Yuankai: should not be the case. rashes reflection occurs around week after the general administration of the most obvious for some time, it is free to mitigation, not the symptoms reflected the effect of changes in the future. should not be interpreted this way.
Moderator: users will not worry about Tarceva resistant?
Dan Yuankai: any one drug, to a certain time, of resistance. This resistance is a time process. Some patients may eat a very long time, eat well, and some patients may eat very short time there will be the progress of the disease, and some patients had no effect resistance can also occur. resistance situation is different for each patient, can not be generalized, the analysis should be based on the specific situation.
expert users questions
Moderator: Professor Han of our users consult a problem. He was 79 years old, previously had lung cysts, and today found bloody sputum, and later discovered the cancer cells, but from both CT and chest X-ray can not see. Some doctors advise them to check the chest, but they are taking into account age too much, how can diagnosis?
Han Baohui: because he did not provide a detailed CT positioning, where, how much is in what position, but also to the hospital for further examination. He can be found in tumor cells is through sputum examination or through the organs examined. because the cancer may be associated with lymph node metastasis and other organs of the situation. If you want to design a treatment plan for him, we must first perform a comprehensive assessment of physical condition, it is necessary . I think he is qualified to go to a professional hospital, the first to be qualitative, is indeed cancer, lung cancer is indeed the second period to see where he belongs. Third, his overall assessment of health status and condition of . can be targeted to this patient to develop the most reasonable solution.
Moderator: There is a users in the use of Iressa, stand up and cough compared to the situation, and this is not the adverse drug reaction?
Han Baohui : did not know he was just starting to eat or eat due process, which judgment is quite different. because the nasal mucosa occurs, in the Iressa and other drugs can be met, he was such a situation, we also need to ask carefully. because of his data and information provided is not too full.
Moderator: cough side effects of targeted therapy is one of you?
Han Baohui: cough and not the relevance of targeted therapy because there are some very few patients have lung reflects the general examination of the patients will be provided through a special specific evidence. generally speaking cough and targeted therapy have not necessarily linked, it also requires a comprehensive consideration, because It's hard to simply say that there is no cough and targeted therapy relationship, but also the patient's chest condition, targeted therapy may be caused by a number of side effects, which is a process of identification.
how to treat patients with traditional Chinese medicine treatment of cancer?
Moderator: users are asking, is not in the process of targeted therapy will eat some of the overall rehabilitation of traditional Chinese medicine is better?
tension: It should be speaking, Chinese traditional medicine in our country, the efficacy of traditional medicine, there is no direct comparative study too. So, now we own point of view, assuming that no significant side effects, we have no objection to eat. Meanwhile, there are some combination of drugs will have some new material We do not advocate the use of patients when the drug, and then taking other drugs, so there will be a lot of other adverse reflection, we can not determine what drugs cause in the end. so under normal circumstances, we do not advocate, as are is an oral drug, we do not recommend mixing together. This situation will lead to adverse reactions, but also may affect the results. In this sense, we do not advocate the routine use of the drug combined with traditional Chinese medicine.
Dan Yuankai: Chinese categorized, there are a variety of mechanisms. There are some herbs on the human body has some side effects, some medicine to pass liver metabolism, it will produce some toxicity, does not mean that there is no toxicity of traditional Chinese medicine. If the two drugs together, may increase the number of side effects, the doctor determine the time necessary to increase the capacity of judge, may affect some of the truth, to bring the treatment to patients unnecessary trouble. If you do To select the medicine, then he should go to a regular hospital for Chinese medicine. please some well-known traditional Chinese medicine doctors give you medicine, so together the two drugs produce toxic side effects.
local treatment of radiofrequency ablation are
Moderator: Recently there are some on-line radiofrequency ablation to say, experts look to the resolution.
tension: the limitations of early lung cancer is a disease, the principle limitations of the disease we must limitations of treatment. If it is late disease, with limited reach of treatment to achieve. for inoperable, but also an early lung cancer, radiofrequency ablation can be made by patients to be fully part of the radical, whether domestic or foreign study has a number of related . If it is advanced lung cancer patients, one lesion with a simple RF ablation, we believe that it does not affect the overall survival of patients. In this sense, we do not recommend for advanced lung cancer patients with this type of local treatment . If the tumor is large, affecting the patient's condition. through palliative radiofrequency ablation, to relieve symptoms temporarily. This situation is exceptional, in addition to the other, we do not advocate routine for RF ablation in patients with advanced methods. < br> After the failure of Iressa treatment, Castro opened the effectiveness?
Moderator: my father was 59 years old, in November 2007 found that the right pleural effusion, pleural microscope, many small nodules, and pleural biopsy obtained The pathology report is the large cell lung cancer, and then to the Beijing Union Medical College Hospital and your redo the pathological, the result, is undifferentiated, and sarcoma-like. obtained in your hospital plus cisplatin chemotherapy of non-selective, two a pleural effusion after treatment stopped, but the tumor grew, and later replaced with docetaxel plus cisplatin degree of grace, but invalid, then eat a month's Iressa, is also invalid, and one month before the start of hemoptysis, lung cancer is now growing rapidly, the patient physically weak, is now home cultivation, such as the physical condition has been restored you can continue to use the Te Luokai, such as Tarceva is invalid, what a good way, thank you, yearn for your reply .
ZHOU Cai-cun: the effect of the treatment the patient is not very good. second-line treatment has failed, and now third-line therapy has failed, in which case I can not say the concept of Tarceva did not work effectively. I can only tell the patient , Tarceva 150 mg when using the plasma concentration of 250 mg than 7 times higher in the case of no way, you can try a month, if that can control the tumor, even if effective, but other options are left not a lot. but there is no other program out of the case, you can try Tarceva. I can not tell him for sure is not effective or efficient.
tension: the users ask is, if you eat Iressa had no effect, there is no effect of Tarceva to eat how to do. to modern science, it is because the drug Iressa had a resistance gene, there are some drugs because of the amount of inhibitor drugs will be not enough happen. the patient for the treatment of drug, the concentration increased, the role of further control can be achieved. we can not judge the patient in the end because drug resistance genes produced dose or because not enough. I agree with Professor Zhou said, Tarceva can try, try this relatively low toxicity of the drug.
Moderator: experts, you are good! my husband in November 2007 found tracheal adenoid cystic carcinoma, tumor 1.5 * 1.3cm .12 7 January tracheal surgery circumcision 3.5cm. pathology report: the upper and lower cut-side are positive invasive adenoid cystic carcinoma. The doctor recommended radiotherapy .08 m3 on 7 January 3 January 34 to do radiation therapy (conformal , minor strength), physical examinations before radiotherapy were no other lesions, CT examination after radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy before: the rear tracheal lymph nodes was significantly reduced, doctors say radiation is better. But the end of radiotherapy 5 days a sudden hemoptysis (sputum more than blood for 20 days), send sputum cytology test 4 times, were found to have cancer. At present, some doctors recommend chemotherapy; but some doctors say chemotherapy for adenoid cystic carcinoma largely ineffective, but also serious side effects of physical injury Let us try to targeted therapy Tarceva. At present he does not know the true condition, good mental, physical recovery is also good, just a little cough, hemoptysis disappeared. please give some expert guidance: Next step how it treated? such as: the need to not chemotherapy, how much damage the body, can directly Tarceva, Tarceva tracheal adenoid cystic carcinoma of the invalid and so on. ask experts to the help.
Shiyuan Kai: He is 1.5t1.7 cm tumor of the tumor, although the location looks good, but the mass is so small, it should be said that the treatment effect is relatively good, the situation should be optional later find out the decision. If there is no recurrence of the tumor, I think patients do not need to rule out.
the direction of future development of targeted therapy
Moderator: Professor Han Baohui can look ahead at what the future development of targeted therapy?
Han Baohui: This topic is very large, targeted therapy ...
Sunday, February 20, 2011
Shaanxi and Shanxi Tourism
August 10)
morning bus from home to fight to, take to the Yulin, Yan'an cars, 65 tickets, six-hour car ride. 12:00 when the city of Yulin in northern Shaanxi reached. Yulin in Shaanxi the most northern province, is the most northern part of the Loess Plateau, Yulin and then the last is the Mu Us Desert, is a national age-old historical and cultural city. come mainly to see Saibei landscape in Yulin,
13:00, we're 3-way bus ride vehicles, to the town station, ticket: 20 yuan. along the ancient Great Wall, one of the largest remaining strongholds. Town Taiwan Ming Dynasty, the which is the central fortress of the Ming Great Wall. boarded the town abutment top, you can enjoy the scenery beyond the Great Wall within a radius of tens of miles, desert, desert, marsh, the Yellow River and the Three-North Shelterbelt.
ten minutes walk from the town station, on to the Hong Danxia, also known as Hung Shek Kip, Tickets: 20 yuan, known as the the two sides to trees Misty, I think there really is a natural and cultural landscape of the perfect combination. calligraphy in the West Cliff above the stone, here is the biggest Cliff Shaanxi group. there are many inscriptions, stone plaque, very precious, therefore known as the , shops, etc., and even the general residential areas, are mostly authentic Beijing-style courtyard, so Yulin also known as Little Beijing. stone paved road, the gray brick courtyard, wooden doors and windows are all on fine copper rings hh revealing the ancient Ming and Qing style thick, compared favorably with other parts of the city ah.
out from the Ming and Qing city, walk to the Yulin Plaza, which is near a newly built square, the venue is very large, and has a the characteristics of the south garden pond, water is a scarce commodity here, for us Southerners, a common pool. and here to build a pool, which is also the same, and then Yang Huaqing Hot Springs to enjoy the luxury. This is our access to Northern to see a pool of water is not yellow.
few of us on a very good impression of the city of Yulin and Yan'an in sharp contrast.
8 12: Long Hill
Shenmu second tour as originally planned, after Yulin by bus to Taiyuan. Yulin in Yan'an to the car, see the sacred trees north of Yulin city of Datong direct train, so to change his plan today to the north, take the train into the common ground from the sacred trees. Shenmu investigation using a mobile phone picture, showing two Long mountain attractions, access to sacred trees in the urban areas, we use the two hours of play on the second Long Hill.
Erlang Shenmu in Yulin, commonly known as Western Hills, also known as Beacon Hill , pine stand.
Erlang are on the Main Hall, mountain Earth Temple and other temples are more than twenty kiosks, pavilions, beautifully painted sculptures, monument rocks everywhere, these ancient building density and white, different shape, although dangerous if solid. During the stone is still left intact, murals. known in the provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner can be described as treasure house of ancient art.
Erlang's magnificent mountain scenery, ancient buildings such as the beaded-like 1 km through the mountains, the scene colorful, no wonder known as the party shengjing!
Long Hill down from the second we find out that only Shenmu North train station the train to Datong, the tree actually from the North Railway Station is 30 km Shenmu a city, in the foothills asked who, playing the fee to 80. We take a small three-wheeled to the city, there are many taxi to North Station, the asking price is 40 yuan per vehicle. We still think that fee. At this time there is a private car, as long as thirty yuan . the result was the siege of the other taxi. private car driver said, do not ignore them. finally he pulled us Shenmu North train station. The teacher surnamed Liu, middle-aged. His phone number is:.
North train station in Shenmu eat lunch, is the Liang Pi and membrane Garou, Garou is a film where snacks, meat and more film incense, a triple, we have a package specifically for each another.
from sacred trees to the Datong The train is the next 2:40 of the car, the result was late, and drove more than 3 points, the Green Paper is now the worst car, but the fares are low, sitting seven hours, the train 400 kilometers away, and only 28 yuan .
morning bus from home to fight to, take to the Yulin, Yan'an cars, 65 tickets, six-hour car ride. 12:00 when the city of Yulin in northern Shaanxi reached. Yulin in Shaanxi the most northern province, is the most northern part of the Loess Plateau, Yulin and then the last is the Mu Us Desert, is a national age-old historical and cultural city. come mainly to see Saibei landscape in Yulin,
13:00, we're 3-way bus ride vehicles, to the town station, ticket: 20 yuan. along the ancient Great Wall, one of the largest remaining strongholds. Town Taiwan Ming Dynasty, the which is the central fortress of the Ming Great Wall. boarded the town abutment top, you can enjoy the scenery beyond the Great Wall within a radius of tens of miles, desert, desert, marsh, the Yellow River and the Three-North Shelterbelt.
ten minutes walk from the town station, on to the Hong Danxia, also known as Hung Shek Kip, Tickets: 20 yuan, known as the the two sides to trees Misty, I think there really is a natural and cultural landscape of the perfect combination. calligraphy in the West Cliff above the stone, here is the biggest Cliff Shaanxi group. there are many inscriptions, stone plaque, very precious, therefore known as the , shops, etc., and even the general residential areas, are mostly authentic Beijing-style courtyard, so Yulin also known as Little Beijing. stone paved road, the gray brick courtyard, wooden doors and windows are all on fine copper rings hh revealing the ancient Ming and Qing style thick, compared favorably with other parts of the city ah.
out from the Ming and Qing city, walk to the Yulin Plaza, which is near a newly built square, the venue is very large, and has a the characteristics of the south garden pond, water is a scarce commodity here, for us Southerners, a common pool. and here to build a pool, which is also the same, and then Yang Huaqing Hot Springs to enjoy the luxury. This is our access to Northern to see a pool of water is not yellow.
few of us on a very good impression of the city of Yulin and Yan'an in sharp contrast.
8 12: Long Hill
Shenmu second tour as originally planned, after Yulin by bus to Taiyuan. Yulin in Yan'an to the car, see the sacred trees north of Yulin city of Datong direct train, so to change his plan today to the north, take the train into the common ground from the sacred trees. Shenmu investigation using a mobile phone picture, showing two Long mountain attractions, access to sacred trees in the urban areas, we use the two hours of play on the second Long Hill.
Erlang Shenmu in Yulin, commonly known as Western Hills, also known as Beacon Hill , pine stand.
Erlang are on the Main Hall, mountain Earth Temple and other temples are more than twenty kiosks, pavilions, beautifully painted sculptures, monument rocks everywhere, these ancient building density and white, different shape, although dangerous if solid. During the stone is still left intact, murals. known in the provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Inner can be described as treasure house of ancient art.
Erlang's magnificent mountain scenery, ancient buildings such as the beaded-like 1 km through the mountains, the scene colorful, no wonder known as the party shengjing!
Long Hill down from the second we find out that only Shenmu North train station the train to Datong, the tree actually from the North Railway Station is 30 km Shenmu a city, in the foothills asked who, playing the fee to 80. We take a small three-wheeled to the city, there are many taxi to North Station, the asking price is 40 yuan per vehicle. We still think that fee. At this time there is a private car, as long as thirty yuan . the result was the siege of the other taxi. private car driver said, do not ignore them. finally he pulled us Shenmu North train station. The teacher surnamed Liu, middle-aged. His phone number is:.
North train station in Shenmu eat lunch, is the Liang Pi and membrane Garou, Garou is a film where snacks, meat and more film incense, a triple, we have a package specifically for each another.
from sacred trees to the Datong The train is the next 2:40 of the car, the result was late, and drove more than 3 points, the Green Paper is now the worst car, but the fares are low, sitting seven hours, the train 400 kilometers away, and only 28 yuan .
Thursday, February 17, 2011
Mood - Acacia
Buddha said: Past and present 500 times in exchange for the Review of rubbing shoulders hh
mm
inscription must be 501 times less Past Review
life cycle has become so common shadow waiting
Minghe night < br> It was mentioned a little lotus lights along the embankment downstream
Yuet Wah miss bloom
reflection Allure
Bliss Kongzong also talked with so many Guaai
So if their
How do I meet with you
pray in an encounter in the deep Red
Millennium and the Millennium
you've been gone has come and gone wrong from the
this life can only be a plain woman
hope with trepidation as I do not know when is the end of the defensive
if more slender fingers intertwined want to be depressed looks
gather forest shade < br> Fat Siman rope leaves shade shade
instantaneous moment arms Qingshu
branch drag drag pressure just freeze but the youth that no hang some distant haze
long
But, but full of thoughts Autumn Angela
bet half the world alone, as the superficial horizon
clouds day and night to cross
enchanting flowers bloom only the semi-free according to
What shall I see the sunny south roof
fact, it is proved that one wrong ink paper umbrella body
Millennium flies sparkling eyes lit red bamboo wind breathing
lightly brushed
Hong basket coming from the design scene to see how the silent fate The rub shoulders
Shuyu smoke flying bridge pavilion
protagonist and set
true and false and fleeting in the falling into the grave with only the heart would not so quiet
it stick a story that will not come true began to grow into a
acacia tears not leave
not abandon until the morning to see four zombie 3, asleep and has been less secure, made a very strange dream, the dream of the protagonist is a tree, laugh and cry there would be a sad voice hh dream that a story about love, but woke up only to remember a ; hh
fact, I do not know in the end is a tree, or simply to say I said, silence, confusion of the hh
mm
inscription must be 501 times less Past Review
life cycle has become so common shadow waiting
Minghe night < br> It was mentioned a little lotus lights along the embankment downstream
Yuet Wah miss bloom
reflection Allure
Bliss Kongzong also talked with so many Guaai
So if their
How do I meet with you
pray in an encounter in the deep Red
Millennium and the Millennium
you've been gone has come and gone wrong from the
this life can only be a plain woman
hope with trepidation as I do not know when is the end of the defensive
if more slender fingers intertwined want to be depressed looks
gather forest shade < br> Fat Siman rope leaves shade shade
instantaneous moment arms Qingshu
branch drag drag pressure just freeze but the youth that no hang some distant haze
long
But, but full of thoughts Autumn Angela
bet half the world alone, as the superficial horizon
clouds day and night to cross
enchanting flowers bloom only the semi-free according to
What shall I see the sunny south roof
fact, it is proved that one wrong ink paper umbrella body
Millennium flies sparkling eyes lit red bamboo wind breathing
lightly brushed
Hong basket coming from the design scene to see how the silent fate The rub shoulders
Shuyu smoke flying bridge pavilion
protagonist and set
true and false and fleeting in the falling into the grave with only the heart would not so quiet
it stick a story that will not come true began to grow into a
acacia tears not leave
not abandon until the morning to see four zombie 3, asleep and has been less secure, made a very strange dream, the dream of the protagonist is a tree, laugh and cry there would be a sad voice hh dream that a story about love, but woke up only to remember a ; hh
fact, I do not know in the end is a tree, or simply to say I said, silence, confusion of the hh
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
Annie marriage why miscues
Photo / Ali Want Entertainment Ring (Ngawang original)
Annie Harlem (Harlem), and Harry in a family of three recently returned to Taiwan from Hokkaido, there are rumors that may be issued Harlem days to declare a divorce, and Ino Jing is also packed luggage removed from the Harlem residence, yesterday morning from the Taoyuan airport in Beijing. Annie and Huang Weide Beijing since the outbreak of the situation in hand 92 days after a family of three for the first time since the divorce rumors gathered outside world thought it was ice-breaking trip but it is understood this is actually the first time face to face with sober discussion of two of marriage, does not appear to intend to compound. before they return to Taiwan from Hokkaido, Annie is the first time since the hand back to Taiwan after the incident, she moved out of the past few days to pack a suitcase for Kazakhstan forest dwelling, and yesterday morning she was wearing a low profile cap with large bags alone from the Taoyuan airport in Beijing, and there were rumors that may be issued Harlem days to the divorce statement.
happy home
Annie in 2000 14 years with the understanding of Taiwanese singer Harlem (Harlem) married in 2002 in the United States birth to a son. Annie fell in love with Harlem from a full 20 years to get married, but now because of events in Beijing in hand ;, but because called also fell into the first save and his wife who Harlem on, you love to do Annie? Chinese-style man, ah, tiring!
side of the mother, while the wife Annie
say, she of people involved. to solve the real one after another, love has become a battle. And then I said do not, you are tired ......leave because she was convinced Harlem ? Annie I feel sad, more sad love! But then again, however, the premise in the absence of divorce, you still or people outside of acceptable moral bottom line ah! actress Annie incident involved an affair, updated blog that light, the love around. come to an end on! article, entitled their bones, flesh and blood, which bears the imprint of tears, that fire-like pain in the body in the engraved born because of love mark. hh and then one day I will thank me for the thorns had come and see it in the tip thorn out of the most beautiful large flowers flowers flowers large. I will be reborn out of ourselves and toward the eternal light, the love around, no longer stride to walk without fear. Lu Weiwen hand)
final say in the Huang Weide, they have a girlfriend, the woman also happens with others, head turtle .. refused to leave? your excuse is used to prove your innocence or mercy to save his girlfriend? you worthy of Who? is hard to fall in love with your girlfriend Lu Weiwen 18 years? is used in people's minds ; wife and mother to this field, your hand, Paipaipigu, Yen is not ashamed to tell big people all this has nothing to do with you! to make such a thing can also face after the jump is not red does not say so, nothing to say. !, Readers are flattering. When Annie and Huang Weide's hand according to light, they thought it was just a fairy tale of Beauty and the entertainment has been extended by 20 mm with 12 years of long-distance love, 8 years of marriage. Unexpectedly, things then he crashed through the affair after another incident involved a friend, Huang Weide's girlfriend, and even Annie's new rumored boyfriend. in the love nest, except each party tortured, but even Annie and Harry, the son of Harlem's old teeth were Kediao out what has been exposed, people have to sort out Pentagon love about this complex.
Annie dragging large suitcases at the airport waiting, constantly holding a cell phone text messaging.
Annie ready to check-in, waving to the paparazzi out of the way.
Annie down hat.
yesterday 11:20, Annie appeared alone in Terminal 2 at Taoyuan Airport, low-key take the 12:50 flight to Beijing Air China flights, down the brim of her makeup, deliberately did not want to be identified, constantly holding a cell phone text messaging. the day, many of her luggage, piled up almost as fast with her tall, no longer seem to have short-term plan to return to Taiwan. rumors that Harlem way to her 2, first quit acting concentrate when Mrs. Yu, the second is divorce. spread before her family moved from Harlem are things she can see they have reached an agreement before a return to Taiwan from Hokkaido to top speed processing, it is learned that two days Harlem statement may be issued a divorce.
Annie Harlem (Harlem), and Harry in a family of three recently returned to Taiwan from Hokkaido, there are rumors that may be issued Harlem days to declare a divorce, and Ino Jing is also packed luggage removed from the Harlem residence, yesterday morning from the Taoyuan airport in Beijing. Annie and Huang Weide Beijing since the outbreak of the situation in hand 92 days after a family of three for the first time since the divorce rumors gathered outside world thought it was ice-breaking trip but it is understood this is actually the first time face to face with sober discussion of two of marriage, does not appear to intend to compound. before they return to Taiwan from Hokkaido, Annie is the first time since the hand back to Taiwan after the incident, she moved out of the past few days to pack a suitcase for Kazakhstan forest dwelling, and yesterday morning she was wearing a low profile cap with large bags alone from the Taoyuan airport in Beijing, and there were rumors that may be issued Harlem days to the divorce statement.
happy home
Annie in 2000 14 years with the understanding of Taiwanese singer Harlem (Harlem) married in 2002 in the United States birth to a son. Annie fell in love with Harlem from a full 20 years to get married, but now because of events in Beijing in hand ;, but because called also fell into the first save and his wife who Harlem on, you love to do Annie? Chinese-style man, ah, tiring!
side of the mother, while the wife Annie
say, she of people involved. to solve the real one after another, love has become a battle. And then I said do not, you are tired ......leave because she was convinced Harlem ? Annie I feel sad, more sad love! But then again, however, the premise in the absence of divorce, you still or people outside of acceptable moral bottom line ah! actress Annie incident involved an affair, updated blog that light, the love around. come to an end on! article, entitled their bones, flesh and blood, which bears the imprint of tears, that fire-like pain in the body in the engraved born because of love mark. hh and then one day I will thank me for the thorns had come and see it in the tip thorn out of the most beautiful large flowers flowers flowers large. I will be reborn out of ourselves and toward the eternal light, the love around, no longer stride to walk without fear. Lu Weiwen hand)
final say in the Huang Weide, they have a girlfriend, the woman also happens with others, head turtle .. refused to leave? your excuse is used to prove your innocence or mercy to save his girlfriend? you worthy of Who? is hard to fall in love with your girlfriend Lu Weiwen 18 years? is used in people's minds ; wife and mother to this field, your hand, Paipaipigu, Yen is not ashamed to tell big people all this has nothing to do with you! to make such a thing can also face after the jump is not red does not say so, nothing to say. !, Readers are flattering. When Annie and Huang Weide's hand according to light, they thought it was just a fairy tale of Beauty and the entertainment has been extended by 20 mm with 12 years of long-distance love, 8 years of marriage. Unexpectedly, things then he crashed through the affair after another incident involved a friend, Huang Weide's girlfriend, and even Annie's new rumored boyfriend. in the love nest, except each party tortured, but even Annie and Harry, the son of Harlem's old teeth were Kediao out what has been exposed, people have to sort out Pentagon love about this complex.
Annie dragging large suitcases at the airport waiting, constantly holding a cell phone text messaging.
Annie ready to check-in, waving to the paparazzi out of the way.
Annie down hat.
yesterday 11:20, Annie appeared alone in Terminal 2 at Taoyuan Airport, low-key take the 12:50 flight to Beijing Air China flights, down the brim of her makeup, deliberately did not want to be identified, constantly holding a cell phone text messaging. the day, many of her luggage, piled up almost as fast with her tall, no longer seem to have short-term plan to return to Taiwan. rumors that Harlem way to her 2, first quit acting concentrate when Mrs. Yu, the second is divorce. spread before her family moved from Harlem are things she can see they have reached an agreement before a return to Taiwan from Hokkaido to top speed processing, it is learned that two days Harlem statement may be issued a divorce.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
Theory of the Firm and China's reform
Theory of the Firm and China's reform and
2008-10-09 16:14:49
Theory of the Firm and Chinese Reform
Zhou Qi Ren
Weekend October 9, 2008 Thursday
individuals from Zhou Qi Ren Website: reproduced please specify.
mm Coase then used his teacher used a vivid metaphor, like a real market economy, the sea is the sea of those companies, large and small islands.
mm Deng Xiaoping reform policies the most amazing place, is in various forms of economic organization developed after the launch price reform in a timely manner.
Speaking from Kos: The company is a market in the ocean island
thought the origin of a planned economy is theory of the firm. Marxist discourse, the great house in a planned and unplanned whole society, it is this conflict will push the demise of capitalism. At that time the view is more and more social productive forces, so the company will increasingly larger, until covering the whole economy, the internal plans of large companies plan to become whole society. this view, the theory of planned economy, in fact, the first is a theory about the company. Lenin put it more clearly, the socialist leadership of the proletariat , is to all members of society have become a national company employees, the whole economy is a super-national companies.
Coase Looking back on his theory of the firm, clearly speaking, he was subjected to the impact of these ideas of Lenin, that countries can be seen as a big company. Of course, Coase provides information on the company's economics. He first asked: In the the price mechanism to run enterprise? Coase's answer was the cost of market price mechanism. The transaction costs. As the market expands, transaction costs have to spend a lot of resources. In some cases, the price mechanism to use the then went to the market in the enterprise organization. However, Coase can not come to the State Super company so far, because his analysis also take into account other costs, that concentrated within the enterprise, the Company's costs (including decision-making, supervision, management costs) to rise.
complete look, Coase's theory of the firm is taking two costs: the company can save the cost of market transactions, but must pay the costs of organizing this, when the companies to save costs and thereby increasing the transaction costs of organizing are equal at the margin, when the boundaries of the company and the market to determine. Coase with his teacher used an image of the year analogy, the real market economy like the sea, the ocean is those companies large and small islands. In Coase view, transaction costs and organizational costs in the coexistence of the real world, the Ocean can not cover everything, let alone cover all the island Ocean.
reform starting point: the super-national companies dysfunctional
reform socialist countries, and contrary to the starting point of Coase. Coase contemporary economics from the reason the company exists. the former Soviet Union and China, reform, it is from the practice of the planned economy, that is, a super-state's reality. The super-national companies, all economic resources in their own hands, by the state machine political authority, coercive power, and a comprehensive plan to organize the national economy. Lenin came to power after a period of and the market, but it was a very short-lived. Stalin advanced the overall nationalization, the Soviet economy before the revolution, Lenin organized into the envisaged super-state companies by executive order organization within the planned economy, not to private property rights and free market activity illegal left status.
China in the more backward turn a peasant country to build socialism, the Soviet Union is also a great framework. But Chairman Mao and the Soviet Union's highly centralized and not much satisfaction, several tests of decentralization, the decentralization of the central to place. Looking back, it was only in the central government and the separation of powers between local governments, is a super-national companies plus many local government company. This of course can not constitute the basis of a market economy, because ; this issue, Chairman Mao, not to step. really where the local government to economic decision-making into private hands, he must stop the elderly, such as the 1962 installment of ; household responsibility system. is not as good as the internal level of the former Soviet Union as a . Over the years of socialist economic construction problems, is super-state in the company's costs are too high, failure of the planned economy, efficiency of resource allocation is too low. millions of people to improve their lives in times of peace, involving many variables and the coordination of supply and demand? by the planned economy, a super company to deal with centralized decision-making, information costs are too high, and people incentive to work less than .1977 of labor reform in China in the eve of the State Council has opened a retreat to reflect on why China and the major Western economies, the technology gap pulled big, over-centralized main conclusion is that more and more centrally planned economy will not turn.
reforms launched: Decentralization and rural household responsibility system
problem is that after the establishment of super-national company, organization costs if it is found too high, what Which route to the cost of running the economy down, is indeed a task of unprecedented. Coase's theory found that the market transaction costs are too high, you can expand the organization to be saved. but the social Reform of the difficulties faced by Marxism, fully prof: State Super company too, the organization costs are too high, how can we reduce it?
seems easy to determine the direction, that is, cover all of the national economy from the super-national companies, turned to the ; market sea system, the market how the reconstruction of human history and experience and theory is not readily available.
Coase in 1959 in a paper that clearly defines the rights of the key conditions for market transactions. This proposition contains a simple truth: If a thing is not me, then I put it where the right to sell you? Therefore, the transaction should be defined as a prerequisite to the right. Since the market economy for the content of the transaction, then the premise is the clear market the right to define.
reform in China, in practice the right from the start to redefine. In the , that is how people can act, not how the behavior of a system specification. forced by the situation in the reform, the right to be re-defined, because of re-defining the rights, especially the re-recognition of private property rights and transfer rights, market relations before re-up development in China.
1978 �� deployed the Third Plenum of the reform is to expand the autonomy of state-owned enterprises. It is based on the local reform experiments in Sichuan, the original organ controlled by the country's economic decision-making power, into the enterprise level. This is a response to external shocks because of foreign investment entered China, they can make decisions quickly, but not state-owned enterprises. What should be approved, a large state-owned enterprises to build a latrine must be declared with the approval of the so-called famous story, where a set of equipment is the Westernization Movement era, the energy consumption greatly, if altered, the driving force, two years of energy savings can recover their investments. But the report played for many years, or not approved. So was the slogan of the reform is decentralization, deregulation.
Interestingly, the expansion of enterprise autonomy, not in the global open, and the rural household responsibility system reform on the agenda. A few days before the commemoration of 30 years at the rural reform , when the charge of the work of Du Ruizhi rural Guangdong told a wonderful thing: the first power of rural reform, the peasants of the belly! is the farming of people hungry, not hungry stomach, forcing out the household responsibility system. is not the first time, the household responsibility system is the first in Wenzhou Yongjia County, the second half of 1956, began to engage in high society; 40% in 1961, Anhui Province, the production team out of the household responsibility system. The problem is the situation before a turn for the better every time, temporary policy to recover the.
path of China: the bottom of innovation, the Government acknowledges
after careful observation of rural reform in 1978, the same as in the past, farmers and production team cadres under the first change spontaneously engage in household production. not the same place where? is the top line of a fundamental change in political ideology, the ruling party and work hard to make realistic, book worship, dogma and rigid. In this ideological line, some local dare to reform the bottom of the first to admit , at least not big stick, allowing to try, take a look. a number of places to see the effect of the reform, the central policy document then, to recognize, the final legislation recognizes the complete legalization of the right to redefine the whole process.
this Article constantly reiterated old in his memoirs that, as early as 1962 Deng Xiaoping said, restoration and development of agricultural production, to take what form; people willing to take what form it should take what form it illegal to make it legal. become the dominant line on the Third Plenary Session. This changed the fate of China, because at the bottom, in the first line, there will always extract a number of ways of solving practical problems, the problem is, they can not get recognition. has been to redefine the right to have a system of results. get it? underlying experience or individual experience, at best an expedient measure, absolutely can not last long.
. ideas and concepts have a strong stubborn, not to mention contradictory interests of all parties, and each angle of approach is often the central meeting different .1980 rural reform, party secretary because of the high officials as a difference of opinion was referred to the bad terms. test of truth is a process easier said than done.
radical redefinition of rights can also be gradual. China's reform process generally come step by step. is this view, the ownership of rural land still belongs to the collective, it seems exactly the same a few decades ago. just change the ownership of the content is no more than the contract by contract, to agricultural land use rights, management rights, the right to return the contract period until the transfer of rights, one by one are defined to the farmers. Agriculture collective ownership of land still, but in this title to be a negative owner. in the production and economic activities, the positive is that farmers contractor.
have friends criticizing that the contract system is not complete, that still maintains a sense of collective ownership and, therefore, to grass-roots power of people leaving a violation of the interests of farmers basis of the system. This criticism is justified. But if this step had not take household responsibility system in rural China do not go out. go first step, followed by further defined property rights along the way, the total can go on. such as the contract system, collective resources of a still mode of operation, but the contract farmers income can be clearly legitimate private property. This shows that is re-are also generally valid. This is something for the refrain.
right to redefine the contract system is a Chinese form, but also super-state organizations from the high cost of the company came out of the predicament of a realistic channel. contracting business from the public, to include private property system, including the formation of a variety of property rights system, and finally take the market economy, China has laid the foundation of the road.
property rights are not using it, but to make use of them, especially to protect the co-operation with others, formed through the exchange of specialization. Here there is a thing too much trouble to head is hired. With the end of the same big pot of Agriculture, there have been massive rural To eliminate capitalist exploitation, when the policy, private workers over seven workers the capitalist, that is, the exploiting class.
This is the household responsibility system, the reform of the second issue encountered. this thing handled more successful, basic approach is to look at, do not rush to make decisions, but are not allowed to stick to the crushed one.
was caught a few cases. A Tony Chen, Guangdong Gaoyao County, contracting fish, there are more than three acres of water, relying on family labor and a few helpers not enough, and hired more than 7 people. It is not that capitalism? a lot of people started to discuss, and later Hu Yaobang personally intervene and asked to clarify the situation, different views can be debated, but do not big stick, also decided in the , the famous iron rice bowl. the competition for good workers. Tonnochy personally organized a survey of the situation very carefully and tangible: the number of people employed in the end, made a number of salary, pay no taxes to the state, the boss how much total profit of all find out , then the arguments have to figure out different views, organize a material reported to the Deng Xiaoping. I remember returned by Deng Xiaoping's instructions, that is five words mm the last batch of capitalism, not only with a critical weapon, and often in front of a recognition of the private sector and there is no socialist real danger. This is a very important step in economic development. In fact, Deng Xiaoping returned to power shortly reactivated Rong, which is representative of the national bourgeoisie in the past, through state-funded Office of CITIC However, the management of full power to wing boss. in fact the ability of state-owned capital with entrepreneurs mm which is something impossible to imagine the past. In addition, the household responsibility system into place after the civil from the many new forms of business organization, Deng Xiaoping has been said look, do not move, such a policy orientation about two to three years to maintain the central 5 In 1986 announced the beginning of the file, you can put into the private sector to deal with the socialist framework. China's industrial and commercial registration began the Some take the time to shed a tear card, that finally have a legal status. actually start a company, fried melon seeds, shoes like that. This is the second leap of China's reform, not only recognized the labor of workers based on their own ability of property rights, but also in the framework of laws and policies, employee contracts, including contracts through the market to organize economic development of production.
breathtaking prices break through the barrier
reform policies of Deng Xiaoping's the most amazing place, is in many forms of economic organization developed after the launch price reform in a timely manner. logic is this: when a super-national companies broken down into many separate companies, with the newly formed private company, the economy can no longer rely on plans and orders to command, to give full play to the market price mechanism of coordination functions. From the spring of 1988, Deng Xiaoping began to promote the price reform. China's price reform called the The core and key. the original Soviet Union and Eastern countries such as Poland, the change to the price system to be a big problem. This is a big barrier, there is no strong political support can not cross this off.
strongly promote the price reform of Deng Xiaoping. This is valuable. Usually speaking, economists understand and believe that the price mechanism, on the whole easier. but the politicians in power, to believe that the price mechanism usually more difficult. because so-called plans to see the hand, between inadvertently replaced. the price mechanism into play, the approval of the hand, the hand of power not much use. Xiaoping served as General Secretary, command over the powerful army, clearly has strong visiblehand, should be the world's most powerful visible hand. are like this great statesman and his colleagues to spare no effort to price support and promote the reform is to reform the least likely places. no strong political support for price reform is difficult to succeed. However, to politicians in support of price reform, but also easier said than done?
, of course, the price of 1988 which pass through the wave of the launch, and did not succeed. Politburo that year on the price and wage reform, a published decision, the country to buy and run occurred. The main lesson is that too many cases in the currency, liberalizing prices put the stealth inflation, inflation becomes dominant, the masses can not be accepted. However, Deng Xiaoping has not put price reform as a restricted area can not meet again. He waited patiently for several years, until the super-issued currency Shoulong was about time to push prices in 1992, he changed. big step forward in China's price reform was completed in 1993, even the most powerful food prices are liberalized. This is the establishment of China's socialist market economy, laying a foundation.
broad point of view, the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, China's reform, by redefining right, activate the market contracts to establish the market price-based coordination mechanism, that is, so the three points, the traditional socialist super-state corporate model, radically changed. the reform process, no major shocks of social, economic activity and production of not only continuous, but also to maintain a continuous high growth. It is through reform and opening up of China as a large developing country with global influence.
bound by the rule of law back to talk about the power
Coase's theory of the firm . He left the starting point is that contemporary mainstream economics, the reduce transaction costs for the real economy was active in the world. Coase understood the company is through internal orders, engage in plans and strategies, there are owners and managers, by the visible hand of the command, thus saving the transaction costs of market . However, Coase did not believe the company the bigger the better, because he also found that the big companies have to face the rely on central planning command command, and that transaction costs are of course able to save all, but this see Coase's theory, is to uphold the constraints of cost, analyzing real-world markets, business and government. model market economy on one of those problems, but faced with the trouble of planning within the system information cost mm high and low incentive levels. Therefore, the reform of the tone is from the State Super company that is starting a planned economy towards more use of the market price mechanism. So that reform is not to go national companies, nor is the so-called perfect market.
the difficulty of reform in the wrong? is to leave the perfect super-national companies that market and the poles in the middle there is a lot of room for maneuver selection system. Chinese companies from the super-state out, by the re-definition of rights. The problem is to redefine the rights of a process, which has a key, Deng Xiaoping put forward, but not resolved, this is the definition of national executive power and restraint. because in the past super National company is Zhengqigeyi, political and economic unity, decentralization reforms, the executive power and economic power to go down with the new problem is that delegating authority to bind rely on? leave effective binding, the executive power into the market that corruption is not a moral issue of individual officials, but the institutional problems. broad executive power to stir the market transactions, how to resolve?
.1980 Deng Xiaoping has done a lot to explore about the party and the years to reform the state system , 1986, he was revisiting this topic, has made it very clear that, first, that if not engage in political reform, economic reform achievements is the restrain of; second, if not to engage in political reform, economic reform is can not continue. That is, the economic reforms launched after the political system must be launched in due course. elements of the reform is to super-state that part of the company's executive powers, bound together again In 1987 the CPC adopted a political system Thirteenth reform agenda, but the price break through the barrier in 1988 failed, the ensuing turmoil in Beijing, there is no chance of implementing the political reform program of 1992 and pushed the reforms Deng Xiaoping's Southern speech, the main thing is to push economic reform, marketization and accelerate development. So the political reform, Deng Xiaoping's unfinished ready.
super-state company is not purely a business, it is also a power (power) system, not just the is not suitable theoretical framework with a contract to deal with it. Some economists accustomed to deal with the market of contract theory, principal-agent model of what local government competition, and so, I think they may have missed a key constraint is not legally enforceable contract constraints. the reality of the central government departments or local governments, although it seems like corporate behavior, but there is one factor, namely, power factor, the legitimate coercive power factor, not the market contracts can be deal. such as income distribution, public opinion much. But the problem is not only is the difference between income issues are more fundamental causes of income differences on what basis? Yao high income, is one thing, but the corruption of Wuhan Railway Station high-income owners, is another matter. scalping for the illegal use of revenue from the power that is legitimate coercive power, not the market forces of competition can be restrained.
ability to make money. must be clear, this problem is not simply economic reforms can be solved, nor can these activities great success, with farmers contracting with private enterprises, with the reform of state-owned enterprises, but also have a price mechanism in the allocation of resources according to a market economy basis, these reforms greatly emancipated productivity in China. But we also see that reform did not complete. The biggest challenge is Zhengqigeyi super-national companies, after the decentralization, property rights can be constrained by competition in the market to go, but the executive powers are released only to rely on the rule of law may be effective constraint. This is the more difficult reforms.
land, and price monopoly of state-owned enterprise reform is the difficulty
there is a perception that China's reform is progressive in terms of strategy, or some scholars summed up the Russia's is not easy to be changed. The difficulty here is no longer understanding, or purely ideological, but very hard, it's vested interests. The current observation that any difficulties in the reform, are related to this .
such as the reform of land property rights system, the first place, but today there are some crucial issues remain unresolved. agricultural land base along the agricultural system that is contracted to the home, long-term change, the implementation of the transfer of power, can basically meet the productivity requirements. However, once agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, the land requisition system in that country or the world shine. why the farmers of the land when converted to non-agricultural purposes, there must be national compulsory acquisition, and then to the land leased by the government to the market ? This is the most obvious example of the executive power to enter the market. Now a lot of social conflicts have occurred in this area. Why is the rural collective construction land, the land can not directly enter the market? discussed for many years, the experience of local tests a lot, there are more underground, semi-underground practice, why is the long delay in completing the nationwide legalization? In my opinion no other reason, that is, the benefits of power stirred the market is too high, no vested interest parties willing to give up.
farmers around the city as city, urban land use, of course to increase, but the country as a share of the homestead benefits, farmers have no right to transfer and trade, would the allocation of land resources and, therefore, not subject to price guidelines. the result is not only China's rapid urbanization no more intensive use of land, instead of an even more intensive land use. the one hand, urban land was placed on the one hand a large number of unused rural land for construction. so the inevitable result. Recently countries have begun to redefine property rights to promote forest is an important reform. like water rights, mineral rights, and so re-defined, there are many articles do.
another example, there are private enterprises great development in recent years also adopted the triumph, it seems to become bigger and stronger so that only one thing.
whether price reform is not completed? much of the price determined by the market is a fact, but some key price or administrative pricing. exchange rates, interest rates, energy such as coal, oil electricity, where serious problems of the national economy in recent years, looks around with the price mechanism to play a role not related. Experience has shown that price controls will not only affect the configuration of the number of resources, but also affect the quality of goods and services. no further price reform, difficult to eradicate a lot of chaos.
In short, the great achievements of China's reform, the task is arduous. only seriously sum up their experience to better move forward. real complex phenomena and problems, this simple theoretical framework for companies to borrow, to understand the past the face of the future. above views for you criticism.
(The author is a professor of Peking University's China Center for Economic Research, this is the day of the Economic Institute of the Guangdong Institute of Memorial Humanities seminar on 30 years of reform and opening remarks , text revised by me)
from Zhou Qiren website: reproduced please specify.
2008-10-09 16:14:49
Theory of the Firm and Chinese Reform
Zhou Qi Ren
Weekend October 9, 2008 Thursday
individuals from Zhou Qi Ren Website: reproduced please specify.
mm Coase then used his teacher used a vivid metaphor, like a real market economy, the sea is the sea of those companies, large and small islands.
mm Deng Xiaoping reform policies the most amazing place, is in various forms of economic organization developed after the launch price reform in a timely manner.
Speaking from Kos: The company is a market in the ocean island
thought the origin of a planned economy is theory of the firm. Marxist discourse, the great house in a planned and unplanned whole society, it is this conflict will push the demise of capitalism. At that time the view is more and more social productive forces, so the company will increasingly larger, until covering the whole economy, the internal plans of large companies plan to become whole society. this view, the theory of planned economy, in fact, the first is a theory about the company. Lenin put it more clearly, the socialist leadership of the proletariat , is to all members of society have become a national company employees, the whole economy is a super-national companies.
Coase Looking back on his theory of the firm, clearly speaking, he was subjected to the impact of these ideas of Lenin, that countries can be seen as a big company. Of course, Coase provides information on the company's economics. He first asked: In the the price mechanism to run enterprise? Coase's answer was the cost of market price mechanism. The transaction costs. As the market expands, transaction costs have to spend a lot of resources. In some cases, the price mechanism to use the then went to the market in the enterprise organization. However, Coase can not come to the State Super company so far, because his analysis also take into account other costs, that concentrated within the enterprise, the Company's costs (including decision-making, supervision, management costs) to rise.
complete look, Coase's theory of the firm is taking two costs: the company can save the cost of market transactions, but must pay the costs of organizing this, when the companies to save costs and thereby increasing the transaction costs of organizing are equal at the margin, when the boundaries of the company and the market to determine. Coase with his teacher used an image of the year analogy, the real market economy like the sea, the ocean is those companies large and small islands. In Coase view, transaction costs and organizational costs in the coexistence of the real world, the Ocean can not cover everything, let alone cover all the island Ocean.
reform starting point: the super-national companies dysfunctional
reform socialist countries, and contrary to the starting point of Coase. Coase contemporary economics from the reason the company exists. the former Soviet Union and China, reform, it is from the practice of the planned economy, that is, a super-state's reality. The super-national companies, all economic resources in their own hands, by the state machine political authority, coercive power, and a comprehensive plan to organize the national economy. Lenin came to power after a period of and the market, but it was a very short-lived. Stalin advanced the overall nationalization, the Soviet economy before the revolution, Lenin organized into the envisaged super-state companies by executive order organization within the planned economy, not to private property rights and free market activity illegal left status.
China in the more backward turn a peasant country to build socialism, the Soviet Union is also a great framework. But Chairman Mao and the Soviet Union's highly centralized and not much satisfaction, several tests of decentralization, the decentralization of the central to place. Looking back, it was only in the central government and the separation of powers between local governments, is a super-national companies plus many local government company. This of course can not constitute the basis of a market economy, because ; this issue, Chairman Mao, not to step. really where the local government to economic decision-making into private hands, he must stop the elderly, such as the 1962 installment of ; household responsibility system. is not as good as the internal level of the former Soviet Union as a . Over the years of socialist economic construction problems, is super-state in the company's costs are too high, failure of the planned economy, efficiency of resource allocation is too low. millions of people to improve their lives in times of peace, involving many variables and the coordination of supply and demand? by the planned economy, a super company to deal with centralized decision-making, information costs are too high, and people incentive to work less than .1977 of labor reform in China in the eve of the State Council has opened a retreat to reflect on why China and the major Western economies, the technology gap pulled big, over-centralized main conclusion is that more and more centrally planned economy will not turn.
reforms launched: Decentralization and rural household responsibility system
problem is that after the establishment of super-national company, organization costs if it is found too high, what Which route to the cost of running the economy down, is indeed a task of unprecedented. Coase's theory found that the market transaction costs are too high, you can expand the organization to be saved. but the social Reform of the difficulties faced by Marxism, fully prof: State Super company too, the organization costs are too high, how can we reduce it?
seems easy to determine the direction, that is, cover all of the national economy from the super-national companies, turned to the ; market sea system, the market how the reconstruction of human history and experience and theory is not readily available.
Coase in 1959 in a paper that clearly defines the rights of the key conditions for market transactions. This proposition contains a simple truth: If a thing is not me, then I put it where the right to sell you? Therefore, the transaction should be defined as a prerequisite to the right. Since the market economy for the content of the transaction, then the premise is the clear market the right to define.
reform in China, in practice the right from the start to redefine. In the , that is how people can act, not how the behavior of a system specification. forced by the situation in the reform, the right to be re-defined, because of re-defining the rights, especially the re-recognition of private property rights and transfer rights, market relations before re-up development in China.
1978 �� deployed the Third Plenum of the reform is to expand the autonomy of state-owned enterprises. It is based on the local reform experiments in Sichuan, the original organ controlled by the country's economic decision-making power, into the enterprise level. This is a response to external shocks because of foreign investment entered China, they can make decisions quickly, but not state-owned enterprises. What should be approved, a large state-owned enterprises to build a latrine must be declared with the approval of the so-called famous story, where a set of equipment is the Westernization Movement era, the energy consumption greatly, if altered, the driving force, two years of energy savings can recover their investments. But the report played for many years, or not approved. So was the slogan of the reform is decentralization, deregulation.
Interestingly, the expansion of enterprise autonomy, not in the global open, and the rural household responsibility system reform on the agenda. A few days before the commemoration of 30 years at the rural reform , when the charge of the work of Du Ruizhi rural Guangdong told a wonderful thing: the first power of rural reform, the peasants of the belly! is the farming of people hungry, not hungry stomach, forcing out the household responsibility system. is not the first time, the household responsibility system is the first in Wenzhou Yongjia County, the second half of 1956, began to engage in high society; 40% in 1961, Anhui Province, the production team out of the household responsibility system. The problem is the situation before a turn for the better every time, temporary policy to recover the.
path of China: the bottom of innovation, the Government acknowledges
after careful observation of rural reform in 1978, the same as in the past, farmers and production team cadres under the first change spontaneously engage in household production. not the same place where? is the top line of a fundamental change in political ideology, the ruling party and work hard to make realistic, book worship, dogma and rigid. In this ideological line, some local dare to reform the bottom of the first to admit , at least not big stick, allowing to try, take a look. a number of places to see the effect of the reform, the central policy document then, to recognize, the final legislation recognizes the complete legalization of the right to redefine the whole process.
this Article constantly reiterated old in his memoirs that, as early as 1962 Deng Xiaoping said, restoration and development of agricultural production, to take what form; people willing to take what form it should take what form it illegal to make it legal. become the dominant line on the Third Plenary Session. This changed the fate of China, because at the bottom, in the first line, there will always extract a number of ways of solving practical problems, the problem is, they can not get recognition. has been to redefine the right to have a system of results. get it? underlying experience or individual experience, at best an expedient measure, absolutely can not last long.
. ideas and concepts have a strong stubborn, not to mention contradictory interests of all parties, and each angle of approach is often the central meeting different .1980 rural reform, party secretary because of the high officials as a difference of opinion was referred to the bad terms. test of truth is a process easier said than done.
radical redefinition of rights can also be gradual. China's reform process generally come step by step. is this view, the ownership of rural land still belongs to the collective, it seems exactly the same a few decades ago. just change the ownership of the content is no more than the contract by contract, to agricultural land use rights, management rights, the right to return the contract period until the transfer of rights, one by one are defined to the farmers. Agriculture collective ownership of land still, but in this title to be a negative owner. in the production and economic activities, the positive is that farmers contractor.
have friends criticizing that the contract system is not complete, that still maintains a sense of collective ownership and, therefore, to grass-roots power of people leaving a violation of the interests of farmers basis of the system. This criticism is justified. But if this step had not take household responsibility system in rural China do not go out. go first step, followed by further defined property rights along the way, the total can go on. such as the contract system, collective resources of a still mode of operation, but the contract farmers income can be clearly legitimate private property. This shows that is re-are also generally valid. This is something for the refrain.
right to redefine the contract system is a Chinese form, but also super-state organizations from the high cost of the company came out of the predicament of a realistic channel. contracting business from the public, to include private property system, including the formation of a variety of property rights system, and finally take the market economy, China has laid the foundation of the road.
property rights are not using it, but to make use of them, especially to protect the co-operation with others, formed through the exchange of specialization. Here there is a thing too much trouble to head is hired. With the end of the same big pot of Agriculture, there have been massive rural To eliminate capitalist exploitation, when the policy, private workers over seven workers the capitalist, that is, the exploiting class.
This is the household responsibility system, the reform of the second issue encountered. this thing handled more successful, basic approach is to look at, do not rush to make decisions, but are not allowed to stick to the crushed one.
was caught a few cases. A Tony Chen, Guangdong Gaoyao County, contracting fish, there are more than three acres of water, relying on family labor and a few helpers not enough, and hired more than 7 people. It is not that capitalism? a lot of people started to discuss, and later Hu Yaobang personally intervene and asked to clarify the situation, different views can be debated, but do not big stick, also decided in the , the famous iron rice bowl. the competition for good workers. Tonnochy personally organized a survey of the situation very carefully and tangible: the number of people employed in the end, made a number of salary, pay no taxes to the state, the boss how much total profit of all find out , then the arguments have to figure out different views, organize a material reported to the Deng Xiaoping. I remember returned by Deng Xiaoping's instructions, that is five words mm the last batch of capitalism, not only with a critical weapon, and often in front of a recognition of the private sector and there is no socialist real danger. This is a very important step in economic development. In fact, Deng Xiaoping returned to power shortly reactivated Rong, which is representative of the national bourgeoisie in the past, through state-funded Office of CITIC However, the management of full power to wing boss. in fact the ability of state-owned capital with entrepreneurs mm which is something impossible to imagine the past. In addition, the household responsibility system into place after the civil from the many new forms of business organization, Deng Xiaoping has been said look, do not move, such a policy orientation about two to three years to maintain the central 5 In 1986 announced the beginning of the file, you can put into the private sector to deal with the socialist framework. China's industrial and commercial registration began the Some take the time to shed a tear card, that finally have a legal status. actually start a company, fried melon seeds, shoes like that. This is the second leap of China's reform, not only recognized the labor of workers based on their own ability of property rights, but also in the framework of laws and policies, employee contracts, including contracts through the market to organize economic development of production.
breathtaking prices break through the barrier
reform policies of Deng Xiaoping's the most amazing place, is in many forms of economic organization developed after the launch price reform in a timely manner. logic is this: when a super-national companies broken down into many separate companies, with the newly formed private company, the economy can no longer rely on plans and orders to command, to give full play to the market price mechanism of coordination functions. From the spring of 1988, Deng Xiaoping began to promote the price reform. China's price reform called the The core and key. the original Soviet Union and Eastern countries such as Poland, the change to the price system to be a big problem. This is a big barrier, there is no strong political support can not cross this off.
strongly promote the price reform of Deng Xiaoping. This is valuable. Usually speaking, economists understand and believe that the price mechanism, on the whole easier. but the politicians in power, to believe that the price mechanism usually more difficult. because so-called plans to see the hand, between inadvertently replaced. the price mechanism into play, the approval of the hand, the hand of power not much use. Xiaoping served as General Secretary, command over the powerful army, clearly has strong visiblehand, should be the world's most powerful visible hand. are like this great statesman and his colleagues to spare no effort to price support and promote the reform is to reform the least likely places. no strong political support for price reform is difficult to succeed. However, to politicians in support of price reform, but also easier said than done?
, of course, the price of 1988 which pass through the wave of the launch, and did not succeed. Politburo that year on the price and wage reform, a published decision, the country to buy and run occurred. The main lesson is that too many cases in the currency, liberalizing prices put the stealth inflation, inflation becomes dominant, the masses can not be accepted. However, Deng Xiaoping has not put price reform as a restricted area can not meet again. He waited patiently for several years, until the super-issued currency Shoulong was about time to push prices in 1992, he changed. big step forward in China's price reform was completed in 1993, even the most powerful food prices are liberalized. This is the establishment of China's socialist market economy, laying a foundation.
broad point of view, the leadership of Deng Xiaoping, China's reform, by redefining right, activate the market contracts to establish the market price-based coordination mechanism, that is, so the three points, the traditional socialist super-state corporate model, radically changed. the reform process, no major shocks of social, economic activity and production of not only continuous, but also to maintain a continuous high growth. It is through reform and opening up of China as a large developing country with global influence.
bound by the rule of law back to talk about the power
Coase's theory of the firm . He left the starting point is that contemporary mainstream economics, the reduce transaction costs for the real economy was active in the world. Coase understood the company is through internal orders, engage in plans and strategies, there are owners and managers, by the visible hand of the command, thus saving the transaction costs of market . However, Coase did not believe the company the bigger the better, because he also found that the big companies have to face the rely on central planning command command, and that transaction costs are of course able to save all, but this see Coase's theory, is to uphold the constraints of cost, analyzing real-world markets, business and government. model market economy on one of those problems, but faced with the trouble of planning within the system information cost mm high and low incentive levels. Therefore, the reform of the tone is from the State Super company that is starting a planned economy towards more use of the market price mechanism. So that reform is not to go national companies, nor is the so-called perfect market.
the difficulty of reform in the wrong? is to leave the perfect super-national companies that market and the poles in the middle there is a lot of room for maneuver selection system. Chinese companies from the super-state out, by the re-definition of rights. The problem is to redefine the rights of a process, which has a key, Deng Xiaoping put forward, but not resolved, this is the definition of national executive power and restraint. because in the past super National company is Zhengqigeyi, political and economic unity, decentralization reforms, the executive power and economic power to go down with the new problem is that delegating authority to bind rely on? leave effective binding, the executive power into the market that corruption is not a moral issue of individual officials, but the institutional problems. broad executive power to stir the market transactions, how to resolve?
.1980 Deng Xiaoping has done a lot to explore about the party and the years to reform the state system , 1986, he was revisiting this topic, has made it very clear that, first, that if not engage in political reform, economic reform achievements is the restrain of; second, if not to engage in political reform, economic reform is can not continue. That is, the economic reforms launched after the political system must be launched in due course. elements of the reform is to super-state that part of the company's executive powers, bound together again In 1987 the CPC adopted a political system Thirteenth reform agenda, but the price break through the barrier in 1988 failed, the ensuing turmoil in Beijing, there is no chance of implementing the political reform program of 1992 and pushed the reforms Deng Xiaoping's Southern speech, the main thing is to push economic reform, marketization and accelerate development. So the political reform, Deng Xiaoping's unfinished ready.
super-state company is not purely a business, it is also a power (power) system, not just the is not suitable theoretical framework with a contract to deal with it. Some economists accustomed to deal with the market of contract theory, principal-agent model of what local government competition, and so, I think they may have missed a key constraint is not legally enforceable contract constraints. the reality of the central government departments or local governments, although it seems like corporate behavior, but there is one factor, namely, power factor, the legitimate coercive power factor, not the market contracts can be deal. such as income distribution, public opinion much. But the problem is not only is the difference between income issues are more fundamental causes of income differences on what basis? Yao high income, is one thing, but the corruption of Wuhan Railway Station high-income owners, is another matter. scalping for the illegal use of revenue from the power that is legitimate coercive power, not the market forces of competition can be restrained.
ability to make money. must be clear, this problem is not simply economic reforms can be solved, nor can these activities great success, with farmers contracting with private enterprises, with the reform of state-owned enterprises, but also have a price mechanism in the allocation of resources according to a market economy basis, these reforms greatly emancipated productivity in China. But we also see that reform did not complete. The biggest challenge is Zhengqigeyi super-national companies, after the decentralization, property rights can be constrained by competition in the market to go, but the executive powers are released only to rely on the rule of law may be effective constraint. This is the more difficult reforms.
land, and price monopoly of state-owned enterprise reform is the difficulty
there is a perception that China's reform is progressive in terms of strategy, or some scholars summed up the Russia's is not easy to be changed. The difficulty here is no longer understanding, or purely ideological, but very hard, it's vested interests. The current observation that any difficulties in the reform, are related to this .
such as the reform of land property rights system, the first place, but today there are some crucial issues remain unresolved. agricultural land base along the agricultural system that is contracted to the home, long-term change, the implementation of the transfer of power, can basically meet the productivity requirements. However, once agricultural land to non-agricultural uses, the land requisition system in that country or the world shine. why the farmers of the land when converted to non-agricultural purposes, there must be national compulsory acquisition, and then to the land leased by the government to the market ? This is the most obvious example of the executive power to enter the market. Now a lot of social conflicts have occurred in this area. Why is the rural collective construction land, the land can not directly enter the market? discussed for many years, the experience of local tests a lot, there are more underground, semi-underground practice, why is the long delay in completing the nationwide legalization? In my opinion no other reason, that is, the benefits of power stirred the market is too high, no vested interest parties willing to give up.
farmers around the city as city, urban land use, of course to increase, but the country as a share of the homestead benefits, farmers have no right to transfer and trade, would the allocation of land resources and, therefore, not subject to price guidelines. the result is not only China's rapid urbanization no more intensive use of land, instead of an even more intensive land use. the one hand, urban land was placed on the one hand a large number of unused rural land for construction. so the inevitable result. Recently countries have begun to redefine property rights to promote forest is an important reform. like water rights, mineral rights, and so re-defined, there are many articles do.
another example, there are private enterprises great development in recent years also adopted the triumph, it seems to become bigger and stronger so that only one thing.
whether price reform is not completed? much of the price determined by the market is a fact, but some key price or administrative pricing. exchange rates, interest rates, energy such as coal, oil electricity, where serious problems of the national economy in recent years, looks around with the price mechanism to play a role not related. Experience has shown that price controls will not only affect the configuration of the number of resources, but also affect the quality of goods and services. no further price reform, difficult to eradicate a lot of chaos.
In short, the great achievements of China's reform, the task is arduous. only seriously sum up their experience to better move forward. real complex phenomena and problems, this simple theoretical framework for companies to borrow, to understand the past the face of the future. above views for you criticism.
(The author is a professor of Peking University's China Center for Economic Research, this is the day of the Economic Institute of the Guangdong Institute of Memorial Humanities seminar on 30 years of reform and opening remarks , text revised by me)
from Zhou Qiren website: reproduced please specify.
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