Wednesday, March 30, 2011

Reprinted one day you will go over the changes

 William Shakespeare wrote:
no matter how good things are lost one day.
then deep memory, also has forgotten the day.
to love people, but also to flee the day.
sweetest dream, but also wake up one day.
The waiver will not stay.
never let go of the treasure, can not be friends after breaking up, because the two sides hurt!
enemy can not do, because loving each other too.

2. Jimmy said:
if you like me, I do not like you,
When you love me, I love you,
when When you leave me, I love you,
you go too fast, or I can not keep up your pace,
we missed the Noah's Ark, missed the Titanic,
miss all the thrills and non-thriller, we will continue to miss.
my loneliness I do not know where it comes from, but I really feel lonely.
you lonely, lonely world, everyone, but everyone is different it lonely.

3. Liu Xinwu, said:
do not expect, sparrows fly very high.
height of the sky, it is the eagle's territory.
sparrow straighten his place if it still will be very happy!

4. Yi Shu said:
the biggest mistake committed by people daily, is too polite to strangers, but people are too harsh on the intimate,
change this bad habit come peacefully.

5. Guo said:
I finally found myself the person of vision is too simple, I never think about how the mask is a face below,
I always directly to the face mask as a treat, but tend to forget the smiling face is a mask of tears in the face.

6. Liu Xinwu, said:
Sorry is a sincere, it does not matter is a kind of grace.
If you paid a sincere, but not grace, it only shows the ignorance of each other and vulgar!

7. Han says:
No matter how tired she sees on when he is hundred and hard to re-insurance to the skin when they are two faces.

8. Annie Baby, said:
when a woman looking at the sky, she did not want to find anything.
she just lonely.







9. to meet extraordinary, said:
fate like a book.
inadvertently turned the fairy tales read too seriously miss again tears.

10. Zhang Xiaoxian said:
love, has always been a thousand things and turns back.
not been abandoned, have not been hurt, how to understand love?

11. Yi Shu said:
no matter how kind, a person should not be an excuse to fall always forgive, no more love, more to love yourself.

12. Liu Xinwu, said:
its favor, than to arm themselves;
their escape from the reality of life than laughter;
hear the wind listen to the rain and its better to head attack !







13. Zhang said:
married red roses, over time, becomes a wall of red roses The touch of mosquito blood, white roses, or

14. San Mao said:
a friend, well, a little more than two friends, three friends for a bit too much.
aficionados, and to have a great, not too much,
if it is not, also has its own, treat yourself, get along with ourselves, but also a friend ...
< br> 15. snow Little Zen said:
I thought one day, I would completely love to forget, forget you,
However, all of a sudden, I heard an old song, my tears down,
because of this song, we were heard.

16. Guo Ao, said:
in practice we always smile, and finally become afraid to cry.







17. San Mao said:
Do not be afraid to refuse to others, if their reasons for legitimate.
When a person requesting the opening, his heart simply prepared two answers.
So, give him the answer to any one of them, are expected to.

18. Tsz color XQ says:
man cry, because he really loved.
woman cry, because she really gave up.

19. Hyun Yi said:
grievances can be told, can not be wronged;
to take away the love, it is not love.

20. Zhang said:
love did not complex, but three words come and go,
not I love you, I hate you,
is Come on, how are you, sorry.







21. Ma said:
think of thousands of road at night, wake in the morning to go the same route.

22. Raoxue Man said:
the world has deceived me, I have to give fight back, I will not let go of any little bit of happiness for me,
even pay fall in price is from hell, and I die for it.

23. Guo Ao, said:
each heart will always hidden in a lifetime, maybe this person will never know,
Nevertheless, this person is always can not be replaced by whom.
and that person is like a never healing scars,
no matter what time, just have to be raised, or gently touched, it will dull.

24.GARVEN said:
words people say, is people put fart, fart, like words and are just one breath.

25. San Mao said:
some people love, just a If the person wrongly
the emotion of love as a long-term, is itself naive.

26. Zhang Xiaoxian said:
If you can not forget him, do not forget the good.
really forget that it was not hard.

27. who said non-vegetated:
then ugly people can get married, then the United States who will be single!

28. Zhang said:
because of love, so compassionate;
as to understand, so tolerant.




----------------------------------- -------< br> This article is reproduced from: tiramisu
reading space with QQ Email Subscribe What is tiramisu
reading space?

Tuesday, March 29, 2011

Inaugural Address

 Fellow citizens:
I stand here today, the task before us deeply, grateful for the trust you have bestowed, and bearing in mind the cost of our ancestors. I thank President Bush and his contribution to the state transition in the generosity and cooperation.
Forty four Americans have taken the presidential oath. These words have been spoken in the flourishing of prosperity and peace and tranquility of peace storms. But occasionally, they also ring in the clouds, storms. At these moments, America has courage, not only because those in power have the skill or vision, but also because
This is has been. This is this generation of Americans.
we are in crisis, and this has been well understood. Our nation is at war against a wide range of violence and hatred. Our economy is badly weakened, part of some people's greed and irresponsibility, but also because we, as a whole, failed to make a determined effort to prepare the nation for the preparation of a new age. Today, housing is no longer, reduce employment, business bankruptcy. Health care is too expensive; schools fail; and each day continues to show the way we use energy in fueling the enemy's power and prestige, threaten our planet.
These are the signs of the crisis, data and statistics prove. Less measurable but equally serious is the sapping of confidence across the country - a nagging fear that the United States will inevitably decline, the next generation must lower its sights.
Today, I tell you that the challenges we face are real and serious and multiple. They can not be easily overcome in a short period of time. However, the U.S., remember these words - they will be met.
We are here today because we choose hope over fear, unity instead of conflict and discord.
declared here today, let this end the petty grievances and false promises, strangled our politics for far too long of mutual accusations and stereotypes end there.
we remain a young nation, but the words of Scripture come to set aside childish things out. It is time we let the eternal spirit to flourish at the right time to choose our better history, at the right time is to be a valuable asset from generation to generation, high ideals to move forward: the God given all are equal, all are free and all opportunities for the full pursuit of happiness.
In reaffirming the greatness of our nation, we understand that greatness is never, but must be earned. Our journey has never cut corners or settling for less. It is not the way the weak - it does not belong to indolent or only person to enjoy fame; it has been the risk-takers, doers, creators - some renowned, but most are unknown hard labor of men and women is They take us towards prosperity and long, rugged path of freedom.
For us, they packed up their belongings from a poor road, across the oceans, a new life.
For us, they labor in sweatshops, in the Wild Wild West, endured the pain of flogging on the cultivated land in hard.
For us, they fray, bravery and died, buried in Concord, Gettysburg, Normandy, and Khe Sanh.
order that we can live a better life, they one after another, gone through hardships, full dedication, diligence, until the hands were calloused. They saw the United States beyond our individual ambitions, than all the races, differences in wealth or faction.
Today, as then, we embarked on this unfinished journey. We remain the most prosperous and most powerful countries. Our workers are not because of this crisis and weakened. Our minds are no less inventive. Our products and services no last week or last month or last year popular. Our ability to remain intact. However, maintaining the status quo, protect the narrow interest groups, to postpone difficult decisions, that time has surely passed. Starting today, we must pick ourselves up, wipe out the dust and re-remaking America.
Whether we look, there is work waiting for us. The economic situation requires us to bold and swift action, we will act - not only to create new employment opportunities, and to lay a new foundation for growth. We will build roads and bridges, power grids, the laying of carrying our business and we are closely linked to the electronic communications network. We will restore science to the extraordinary potential of using high technology to improve health care quality and reduce costs. We will use solar, wind and geothermal energy sources for vehicles and factories. We will transform our schools and colleges and universities to meet the challenges of a new era. All we can do. All we will do.
Now, some people doubt our ambitions - they say that our system can not tolerate too many grand plans. Their memories are short, because they have forgotten what this country has already achieved a common goal forgotten once the wings plug in the ideal, reality demands the courage of sailing, the people of the freedom of ideas and creativity will burst .
those who sit on the sidelines of the people do not realize that the ground has shifted beneath them - those who make no use of our energy on a long old political arguments that have become obsolete. Our problem today is not our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - it can help people find jobs at a decent return, whether we can provide them with appropriate health care costs, whether ensure their dignity after retirement. If the answer is yes, we will move forward. If the answer is no, programs and projects must be terminated. As managers of public funds, we must take responsibility - the wise use of funds, reform bad habits in the light of day - because only then can we restore people's trust in government is essential.
the question before us is not the market a force for good or ill. To generate wealth and freedom is unmatched, but this crisis has reminded us: there is no strict supervision, the market will be out of control - if a country only patronizing the prosperous, their prosperity will not last. Our economic success has never depended not just on the size of gross domestic product, but also on the popularity and prosperity to every willing heart the ability to provide the opportunity - not charity - because this is the most common and reliable the road to prosperity.
As for our common defense, we can not accept the concept of security and co-existence of the absurd argument. Our Founding Fathers, the sinister face of our situation is difficult to imagine, drafted a charter of human rights protection and rule of law, a future generations to their own blood to make it more perfect charter. Today, these ideas still light the world, we will not for expedience sake. So, for today are watching the other peoples and governments ─ ─ from the most prosperous capitals to the small village my father was born ─ ─ We want them to know: Where the pursuit of peace and dignity of the countries and every man, women and children, the United States is your friend. We are ready to go in front again. Looking back, the generations in the fight against fascism, not just with missiles and tanks, but with strong alliances and enduring faith. They know how to power alone can not protect us, nor does it give us be right. Instead, they will know that we are more prudent use of power strong; our security comes from the justice of the cause, the appeal of a model of humility and restraint.
We are inheritors of this tradition. We just new to these principles as a guide, can meet those new threats that must be greater efforts to promote national inter ─ ─ greater cooperation and understanding. We will begin to responsibly leave Iraq to its people, and consolidate the hard-won peace in Afghanistan. We will work with old friends and former foes work tirelessly to reduce the nuclear threat, and reverse the global warming doom. We will not retreat in the value of the concept, it will not shake the determination to defend it, for those who seek to incite terror and killing innocent means to achieve their aims, we now tell you that we will be more tenacious, indestructible; you can not outlast us, and we will defeat you.
because we know that our patchwork heritage is a strength, not weakness. We are a nation of Christians and Muslims, Jews and Hindus, as well as nonbelievers country. We benefited from all over the planet every language and culture. As we drink, Civil War and segregation, grievances, out of that dark and become stronger and more united, we can not believe that one day the old hatreds of the past; tribe shall soon dissolve; with the world grows smaller, our common humanity will be demonstrated; the United States must usher in a new era of peace and play their role.
the Muslim world, we seek a new way forward, based on mutual interest and mutual respect. For the world who attempt to create conflict, the shortcomings of their society to blame the West's leaders, we advise you: Do your people will not you can build, and you destroy the ability to judge you. For those who rely on corruption, fraud, suppression of dissent and other means to cling to power of the people, we remind you: you stand on the wrong side of history; but as long as you give up the pressure, we will reach out to help.
for the people of poor countries, we pledge to work alongside you, to your farms harvest, so that clean waters flow; the body and feed the hungry, hungry minds to nourish. For those who like us, richer countries, we say we can no longer remain indifferent to the suffering of others, but also no longer consume the world's resources recklessly. The world has changed, and we must change with it.
in thinking about the road before us, we remember with humble gratitude at the moment is on patrol in remote deserts and mountains brave Americans. They tell us, just as in Arlington (Arlington) Cemetery fallen heroes who lie in the low light in the long years of ages. We honor them not only because they are the guardians of our liberty, but because they represent the dedication, reflecting beyond individuals, to seek the will of lofty ideals. However, at this moment, this landmark moment, we must all it is precisely this spirit.
Although the government can and must do a lot as many as, but ultimately can not do without the American people's faith and determination, this is our Nation. It is because when people accept a stranger in a dam collapse, feeling the love, workers who would rather cut their hours than see a friend lose their job selflessness us through our darkest hours. It is the firefighter who rushed into the smoke billowing corridor courage, but also a parent's willingness to nurture a child, we can decide the final fate.
the challenges we face may be unheard of. We meet them may be new. However, the values ​​of our success ─ ─ honesty and hard work, courage and fair play, tolerance and curiosity, loyalty and patriotism ─ ─ are old. These things are true. These values ​​are of course an entire history of the progress of a silent force. What is needed is a return to these truths. We now need to do is create a new era of responsibility ─ ─ every American needs to realize that we ourselves, our nation and the world have duties. For these obligations, we are not forced to accept, but willing to take the initiative to undertake, at the same time firmly believe that we give all a difficult task, so nothing can satisfy our moral sense, and no spirit, so we do features.
This is the civic obligations and commitments.
This is the source of our confidence ─ ─ knowledge that God calls on us to shape an uncertain fate under the control of their own.
This is our freedom and our creed meaning ─ ─ explains why all races, all kinds of men and women of faith in this magnificent gathered on the lawn, and why some people can stand today here the most sacred oath, but less than 60 years ago his father at a local restaurant can not be received.
To this end, let us remember this day, remember what kind of person we are, remember that we have traveled a long way. In the United States birth, in the most cold days, a small number of patriots gathered in a glacier on the shore, beside the fire will go out. Capital was abandoned. The enemy was advancing. The snow was stained with blood. Where to go in our revolution, in the end the most difficult to estimate the moment, our founding fathers read to the people these words:
Xiao Su, but hope and virtue could survive ...... this city and this country, by the common danger, the call to come forward and rise to the challenge. We face common dangers, difficulties and obstacles we encounter in the winter, let us remember these timeless words. Hope and virtue, let us not fear the cold once again, brave as the mainstay of what storms may come, we will indestructible. In the future, so that our future generations that note: When we tested did not meet halfway, no holding back, has not the slightest shake; Let us concentrate, vision, and thank God for the grace of our inherited tradition of this precious freedom, safely to future generations.

Sunday, March 27, 2011

__ Nan Chiau High School.

 Nan Chiau Secondary School read all know that our dodge is to skip class to comprehend ! Our marriage is the starting point there ! Our vision is to become strange in there ! Our goal is to become far there ! Class to sleep , it is normal ! Excellent results , is dreaming ! Students kissing, is common ! Eight Honors and Eight Shames , was copied from greasy ! Martial arts General Assembly, is to look greasy ! Long hair was cut , he did! We read, are helpless ! Toilet smoking is often ! Student illness, faking ! Write love letters , is moving ! Writing scores are duck ! Broken bicycle tires, is poke it! Locations Directory is torn , it was people did! Teacher white hair, a student of gas ! Dare to criticize the students , not to order it! Collective race, is punished ! Cleaning, was forced to ! Learning environment, is bad ! Nan Chiau Secondary School, is this ! Castle Green water adolescents, Nan Chiau Secondary mixed three years! Waste of time waste of money , it is better to go home to farm ! Heart out in the classroom , always thinking about love ! Not a love into a school , a family of three out of school ! Teachers all haggard, sleep the whole class of students ! All examinations will not , result basically put in place ! Cards will be smoke , skipping into gangs on ! SMS sent to the arrears , the Internet a few days without sleep ! Martial arts every day, the General Assembly, Nan Chiau Secondary School Hooray! Nan Chiau Secondary School we turn Kazakhstan, pure boredom, hey.

Thursday, March 3, 2011

China's economic transition has contributed 30 years of experience in what

 This prototype is my Aug. 30 in Beijing to attend the published twice this article, when published in abridged.
China's economic transition: the experience of 30 years of contributions to what?
Zhang
Introduction
three decades, the Chinese economy has experienced economic growth , the exciting development and institutional change. This process contains too many fascinating stories, testing, decision-making, debate and academic research, too numerous to mention. It is the process of economic change, but also the political process, or a large-scale social experiment and ideological revolution. economists in the participation in the process of economic change, feelings and experiences is extraordinarily different. and other social scientists, not the same, since the Xiaogang Village, Anhui Province in 1978, implementation of the land contract system and in April 1979 political economy report for comment. their own internal differences of opinion, division, argued endlessly, and even mutual accusations. but they have been following the pulse of economic reform and development and progress. While economists experiencing in terms of ideology between the detention and liberation struggling, but open and market-oriented way the economic development and structural change constantly to break our old myths and dogma, leading ideas, to promote innovative thinking and academic.
so in the beginning of last year, I decided to use I write a response to the perspective of hands for 30 years this book, called period of time, thought and academic indeed very active, not only the elderly and young scholars to actively participate in the research of China's economic reforms, and they and the Government maintained a very close relationship and get the government to actively promote and support the formation of interaction between the two sides of the most memorable period of time.
in this time period, 1984's home, especially the new generation Economist for the price reform issues like the nerve to find viable ways to design programs; while in the latter an international meeting on how to understand and deal with the initial stage of transition, macroeconomic imbalances and inflation, as Chinese economists ask for advice to foreign economists face a big issue. China's economic reform as a living classroom of economics. Indeed, China is also a process of economic reform, including our government officials, including the modern economy we are learning and economics of the process. This reform process which of course will have the wisdom from economics, but more importantly, it allows our own economists (both the older generation or the younger generation) from his study of traditional and classical writers The Collected Works came out and began to face the true reality of the Chinese economy. In this case, to argue economists contribution of economic reform in China how much, it becomes unnecessary, and has no value and meaning.
I chose from the I am an economist with a collective image of an important event in the historical arena beginning, of course the most appropriate. in the formation, took the comments out of the classic study of the economic track, China's economic reforms to become active in the field of theory and policy a major force. I account of this meeting in words is written like this: Since the reform and opening up, the economy almost no academic discussion, will be like 1984, So who has talked about. and I think, if the a meeting, without exception, change the fate of a group of young people. I immediately told him to meet, I am writing a book called the invitation is the editor of the Publications anniversary of 50 years to write papers, he also chose the 30th anniversary of China's economic reform theme. but my book is different than he would like to sum up China's economic reform and development itself, but China's economic rise on what is the contribution of modern economics. Thus, in Professor Xie Qianli home, we had a long discussion. we finally have a basic consensus is that China's experience of the first is to verify a lot of economics mature theory, but also to the many widely accepted theory into question. The most important is that China's experience for us to understand more deeply the complex system of relations and economic development provides the best observation opportunities. < br> Finally, Professor Xie Qianli June of this year's Comparative Economic Studies published his paper on Research on the Chinese experience is worth a cause for concern in two ways. First, as a transformation and developing economies, China for testing and interpretation of economic science on the important thinking of the many insights provided a large-scale, heterogeneity and rapid changes in the laboratory. These ideas sources include (but are not limited to) the growth of economics Solow, development economics Lewis, Kuznets, and Sen, as well as system economics Buchanan, Coase and North. Second, expansion of the Chinese experience of the scope of economic analysis. China's economic development experience to say the story is about different times in different systems and that contains a complex interaction and feedback mechanisms of how the system evolution of a large thing. on the unique An Explanation of China depends largely on the economic transformation that we are not seen as a process rather than events. That is, as a process of redefinition of property rights; a continuous process towards a market economy; a technology transfer and innovation process; a learning and mental models to adapt to new economic realities process. If you see it that way, then, is connected with the research on the expansion of Chinese economic reform and development of the range of endogenous nature. that, in China's economic reform and development has completed the first decade when the economy has begun to once again become an important topic of the Western mainstream economists. This is the last century there have been 60 years since the phenomenon did not. Economic development has been mainstream economists unprecedented attention. However, this time, economists recognize the phenomenon of economic development and research into a whole new level. system and economic development has become the commanding heights of development economics. Thus, China's economic transformation and development becomes very valuable experience.
In this article, I hope to have this opportunity to 30 years of China's economic reform and development of the topic into the system and development background in the economics literature, from one side to review and economists to discuss economic reform and development in China to see what the experience? value of what? China's experience contributed to the economic development of the theory of what? developed what? To answer these questions, I am prepared to involving and discussion here 5 problem. One way or the transformation strategy on the reform of the selection; The second is the problem of decentralization and centralization; third countries in transition and capacity issues; Fourth, the relationship between the system and economic development. Finally, I would like to talk about China as powers of observation and research for economic development and institutional change to make another contribution to less been mentioned.
know Transformation: Strategy Differences and Comparative Institutional Economics (CIE) formation
20 years ago, no doubt on the topic of economic transformation is still new. Most economists put the economy from a centrally planned transition to a market economy is defined as Admittedly, becoming economists accept the so-called background, in the late 80s and early 90s, China's young generation of economists by
taken the first step, the use of the basic principles of modern economics and methodology to think and observe China's economic reforms hope that, in theory, be able to explain China's reform and economic development of the facts. This is also in fact a collective effort to promote the indigenous process of transition to a modern economist.
at the Shanghai Joint Publishing to launch Economics Library open to the outside world, the academic conference, held for many years in the outside world did not produce spectacular effects, but the Shanghai Joint Publishing provides a platform for the publication and communication are, in fact, a number of today's active in shaping the domestic and international economic stage the young economist.
in Shanghai Joint Publishing, published in 1994, papers. This reflects the Proceedings good 15 years ago, we have a planned economy to a market economy on the transition of basic knowledge. This knowledge can probably Sheng Hong for passage to sum it up: that as long as the choice of the target model, the reform was done. But the practice of reform in different countries and different consequences, which reminds us recognize that market-oriented reform of the more important question is how to reform. This is the official orthodox economics can not explain and do not solve the problem. level. For example, the same in 1994, in Paris, OECD published a book entitled such a passage: 的 GDP in the past decade an average growth rate of 8%, while Russia, Central and Eastern European countries in the past four years has experienced a 15% to 50% decline in production. in the production of this difference makes the comparison appears transition experiences of these countries to seek China's experience may offer lessons of other economies in transition (if any) become very valuable.
undeniable, with Russia and Eastern Europe than in other transition economies, China's reform strategy is significantly different. based on time of economic transformation of Chinese economists made the strategic characteristics of the literature summary and conceptualization, I English forthcoming paper, , the sales price is not subject to control; for the production and sale of two types of prices exist. dual pricing is that it avoids the state-owned enterprises and government support collapsed abruptly ceased. The Government will gradually reduce the quota, while the market price exists convergence trend.
(2) incremental reform: economic liberalization policy only allows the emerging economy (sector) expansion and the establishment of, and does not allow the economy (sector) the loss of government control; the economy is in the planning of new ingredients to encourage and increase foreign access.
(3) pilot reform: reform programs are generally designed not help the central government, in many cases they are not even widely implemented. reform is under way in advance of trial and error. Central to develop some guidelines of the approach, but the central government will encourage local governments to find and the best way to implement reforms. reform program has often been modified to adapt to local conditions.
(4) micro-macro reform walking in front of the reform: the reform program initially focused on the incentive to engage in product markets rather than the elements of the market price out right. Although the Chinese step by step through the double-track price liberalization of the market price, but in order to maintain a smooth transition, most of factor prices have not yet been liberalized. economics tells us that , micro-improvement incentives based on output growth.
(5) economic reform before political reform to go: Economic reform is in a given political system implementation. Although China has experienced fiscal decentralization, the party and central government still appointed local officials. from the experience point of view, the political focus of the system appears more likely to maintain macroeconomic stability.
In that article I concluded: China's economic reform established a system of incentives to better the conditions to drive economic growth. China's experience shows that the price does not seem out of the only determinant of economic success. China's experience in the real work is a set of coordination and motivation mechanism that ultimately established in the market system is necessary before the look. known ability to review, there are two early shortcomings of these studies, one observation of the reform experience of countries in the approach to reform, or merely differences of the above reform strategies, lack of reform of the natural endowments of different countries, political, historical and ideological initial conditions such as more in-depth observation, consider the system less complex relationship with economic growth; second is the lack of empirical research experience.
China and Russia, the great difference in economic performance or, more broadly, Asia transition economies and the Soviet Union and the transition economies (generally referred to as CEEFSU) the distinction in economic development, as can be the subject of inquiry can be described as enduring and still attract the attention of economists as an important growth point transformation of economic development one. But today, the answer to this question have been different. the research on transition economies in transition have already exceeded the early awareness of the strategic merits of the depth of the system into a comparative study. thanks to further advance this study, one is called as This process is the subject of new institutional economics. New Institutional Economics to the idea of mainstream economics for the soul, absorb the history and political science, with a wealth of material on the system and build a conceptual framework for institutional change. There is no doubt North is the representative of economists. from the the recent (especially Western history since the 18th century) formed during the efforts, which in essence is that it is the theory of history, rather than economic theory of development. It is our concern with this particular phenomenon of economic development and economic transformation of Inter still has a diaphragm. Because of this, comparative institutional economics in economic development, academic growth and institutional restructuring, the formation of the context, it is not the essence of the history of the theory, but economic theory. compare great attention to institutional economics the phenomenon of economic development of different comparative study of attention have a major impact on the economic development of national systems, governance, political system, administrative bureaucrats, intergovernmental fiscal relations, the rule of law, endowments, growth strategies, policy options and other issues involving the classic areas of modern economics outside elements. in the North's sense, these elements are in the system context, or simply that they are systems. Thus, finally, with the North, as comparative institutional economics also adhere to this belief: the system is important The.
on specific transition economies, the comparative institutional economics, earlier studies clearly overcome the shortcomings of the two economies in transition, they do not simply discuss the differences in the way of reform, but from the initial system of constraints to explain the policy Select different. In addition, the comparative institutional economics rely on the experience and measurement of support. It is worth noting that following those discussions, I not only focus on China's economic reforms which began 30 years of topics, and they compare themselves an important part of institutional economics.
growth incentives: Decentralization or re-centralization?
undeniable, modern economics in China's economic transformation and development in the extraordinary impact, and help us understand a lot of place in This 30-year thing. At the same time, China's economic transformation and growth experience to help us to further test development and institutional economics in economic restructuring of some of the theoretical results, and promote the development of the theory. This is not a word game . This is to hide an interesting, not easy to see the mechanism at work. I remember the famous German physicist Werner Heisenberg once said that the decision of the existing theory to what we can observe. for economists to said that China's experience when they observe, they may often find a good experience not only because to build theory, but because of the theory will be easier to find good experience. In fact, the minds of many economists existing theories and knowledge, but these things can largely determine the economic transformation of economists see some different things.
in the West developed the federalism) in the existing theory and China's economic development experience to be in control, it naturally is a case in point. in accordance with the Western theory of fiscal federalism in certain conditions can lead to economic growth. So, were together, since the reform, behind China's economic growth, there is no mechanism for decentralization and fiscal federalism at work? Some Chinese economists began 10 years ago, China's intergovernmental fiscal relations and fiscal decentralization showed great interest in the phenomenon, and From then forward the relevant fiscal decentralization and fiscal federalism theory development. This is probably to say that Heisenberg provided a footnote.
2008 year, Peking University, Professor Zhou Lian and I jointly edited and Shanghai People's Publishing House and Gezhi a study co-published the collected works, and take the . the purpose of editing this anthology is to be able to summarize and display the past 10 years Chinese economists rely on China's reform of intergovernmental fiscal relations and the experience of economic growth in the We are development economics, transition economics, comparative institutional research and an important contribution to the literature.
in the economics literature, the research on fiscal federalism at least a half a century. is generally believed that Charles Tiebout1957 at the University of Chicago The Journal of Political Economy Journal (Journal of Political Economy) published theory or developed the idea to the decentralization, the formation of the early literature of fiscal federalism. can be regarded as the first generation of these documents Theory of Fiscal Decentralization .2006 June, it is Charles Tiebout published his classic paper in 1956 to enter When the 50th anniversary of the U.S. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy (Lincoln Institute of Land Policy) William Fischel has published a book edited Essays in Honor of Public Economics Wallace Oates's contribution As long as people can move freely between different places, their own true preferences to, in essence, inverse ratio, so it is bound to the resulting competition between local governments, this is similar to the mechanism of competitive markets can affect the local government's public expenditure patterns.
However, early this generation of fiscal federalism largely confined to the idea In the context of public finance, there is no more centrally involved in local government incentives and economic growth patterns and the relationship between decentralization and other issues. has been to the early 90s of last century, with China and Russia, the experience of countries with economies in transition phenomenon was attention, the early ideas of fiscal federalism was able to flourish.
1993, China economist with Yingyi Qian Xu Chenggang magazine in the Economics of Transition (Transition Economics) published an article on the subject of lengthy comparison article Why China's economic reforms difference? M-type hierarchical and non-state sector entry and expansion. of this paper, they have a preliminary observation, that before the reform of China's economic sense in the organization is different with the former Soviet Union, they believe that the organizational structure of the different ways of later reforms and economic growth has an impact . in the former Soviet Union, planned economic management is vertical, vertical, and China's plans within the system there is always a multi-level and multi-region management level, so that an industrial organization constitutes the so-called U-type and M - the distinction between types of organizational structure. In China, this structure is conventionally called Western economists and political scientists (eg, Gerard Roland and Barry Weingast and others) also joined them, jointly co-operation with the Chinese economists, the idea began to more fiscal decentralization and local government incentives, economic restructuring and linked to economic growth. As a large extent by the experience of China and Russia, the phenomenon of the impact of economic restructuring, their research methods and perspectives and the early public finance theory has been different, they break through the limitations of the supply of public goods, and further to the local financial decentralization and local government incentives and competition in the local link is established to explain a conceptual framework for economic transformation. In this framework, they emphasized the decentralization of local conditions to promote local competition, and they think it is a The second generation of fiscal decentralization or fiscal federalism the basic literature.
However, these studies emphasize the importance of decentralization is still limited, face further challenges. First, of course, after China in 1949, especially during the Cultural Revolution, the central to local institutional framework for the gradual formation of the separation of powers, which can be considered China's economic reforms in 1978, favorable Instead'd constantly changing and adjusting. As fiscal decentralization is not stable, why the local officials to promote economic growth, competition and incentive is not changed? Second, these studies did not seem to notice the importance of re-centralization. In fact, most economic Reform of the beginning of the implementation of the reform countries of central and local fiscal decentralization. For example, Russia, Gorbachev era was the financial decentralization to local governments. Moreover, whether China or Russia, the financial sub- right after. the central financial resources continued to decline and local spending to expand the gap of economic reforms and stability to become the greatest threat. When a sustained decline in the central finance and local public expenditure gap of the future, both countries have made reform of the authorities to re- consider centralized response. However, the performance of Russia's re-centralization of public finances to re-expand the size of the Chinese in 1994, before and after the re-centralization was designed by a set of national capacity-building on the implementation of institutional reforms.
I submitted in September 2007 the United Nations University Institute for Economic Development (UNU-WIDER) in an international conference to discuss the 1994 paper in China after a series of government reforms on economic development. These reforms include party system of governance and financial aspects. (1) to strengthen central and local leaders direct control. local government officials, especially governors and provincial secretary of the directly appointed by the central authorities. their promotion and rotation by the central level control, to ensure that the local government's absolute loyalty to the central information and to avoid the asymmetry between the two; (2) the introduction of official promotion of economic performance-based system (the so-called strengthen local political incentives; (3) re-divided and the central and local institutional income and expenditure of the range (the so-called revenue-sharing), to recognize and maintain local financial autonomy, in ensuring that the central premise of income, strengthening the central and local revenues adjustment and balance; (4) stripping the four state-owned commercial banks bad debts and set up asset management companies (AMC) to reduce the debts to the government and the public sector, public sector subsidies to plug loopholes.
reforms to ensure that these systems re-centralization and the central political authority, established within the party and government bureaucratic system similar to Championship mechanism leads to the normal operation of China. First, China's authoritarian system of making the central government can set the game rules and evaluation criteria, and can decide who can be promoted in the end; Secondly, the Chinese Government is a type of hierarchical M structure and organization of each part can be compared directly, relatively easy to implement Championship; Finally, although the rapid growth of non-state sector, but local governments still control most of the financial resources, land, other factors of production and the right policies . Thus, the political incentives for local economic development can have a profound impact.
I can find some explanation for this indirect statistical evidence .2006, Zhang Yan and Gong six published growth, significantly between 1994-2002 is positive, and in the years 1986-1993 is significantly negative. If you do not take into account before and after 1994, aimed at strengthening the centralized political and fiscal reform factors, we can not explain very well the estimation of their results.
Ekaterina Zhuravskaya published in 2000, the Russian fiscal decentralization on the incentive effects of the research paper, the authors found that if the local government's own revenues increased by 1 dollar, the local share of revenue will decline 9 cents. Therefore, Russia's financial re-centralization to local government can not provide adequate financial incentives, local governments have no incentive to promote economic development.
2007 年 5 months, I am guided by the Fu Yong, a doctoral student in the doctoral thesis also made a test of such financial incentives, he extended to the 1970-2004 data, and taking into account transfer payments and tax division. Zhuravskaya his research methods used, but the opposite is true in Russia, his estimates show that , the tax system in 1994, China's financial incentives facing local governments greatly increased.
Fu Yong, in his doctoral thesis also examined the local tax system in 1994 after a change in the structure of fiscal expenditure. He used the 1994-2004 China's 29 provinces and cities of the panel data, it is estimated that in 1994-2004, fiscal decentralization on the east and west of the proportion of capital expenditure is significantly positive, while the proportion of expenditure on science, education is significantly negative impact. of no significant effect on the middle. And the data do return extended to 1986-2004, found that the tax system in 1994, prior to fiscal decentralization on the proportion of capital expenditure is not significant, while the proportion of expenditure on science, education of still significantly negative. This finding helps explain, in 1994, after the implementation of the tax system, local government hardened budget constraints, the incentive to improve economic growth. This phenomenon did not occur in Russia.
So, in my opinion, China and Russia since the 90s in the last century of economic growth and development in different manifestations, and its due to fiscal decentralization, might as well be attributed to the re-centralization of decentralization lead to differences in the way. So, in order to re-centralization of power, China's reform Reform the Why did you choose to respond to emerging threats rather than separation of powers as Russia to re-expand the scale of public finance it? a simple answer is that the Russian government has sufficient oil revenues and ...

Wednesday, March 2, 2011

The evening of March 6 19 30 CPPCC members to talk about how to get cheaper medical treatment

 Medical care, high drug prices has been the focus of attention, while the prices of drugs over the years has been not let the people feel real benefits. How can a real drug prices down, how can people buy cheaper drugs by Sohu Joint Health and Health Times, invited representatives, members, experts, etc. to discuss the president.
Interview Time: 7:30
the evening of March 6 interview with the theme: how to make it easier to see a doctor?
interview guests :
extraordinary week CPPCC (Chinese Medicine Research Institute Fellow), Chinese Academy of Social Development and Regulation of the Food and Drug Industries Research Center, Zhang Jian, Wang Yongjun Tian Tan Hospital, vice president, the people of Tianjin large pharmacy manager TANG Aimin, Health Times Meng Lai editor.
interviews Record
mm a mm
automatically scroll
Sohu health: Ladies and gentlemen, good evening all their friends. Today interview topic is how can we truly drug prices down. today invited CPPCC members to the guests, the Chinese Medicine Research Institute researcher Professor Zhou Chaofan; Chinese Academy of Social Development and Regulation of the Food and Drug Industries Research Center, Zhang Jian; Tiantan Hospital, vice president Wang Yongjun; people Dispensary manager of Tianjin TANG Aimin; media representatives Healthy Times editor Meng Li. very grateful to the arrival of some guests. Today, about drugs and drug prices since the problem, Professor Zhou is a member of the scene, the other four are related to the pharmaceutical industry has a direct or indirect contact, please briefly We talk about his medical treatment is difficult and expensive encounter case?
extraordinary week CPPCC (Chinese Medicine Research Institute Fellow)
Zhang Jian: I feel about a change in drug prices, because I am in hypertensive patients the doctor asked daily medications, I'd not to get into large hospitals in the community hospital. But last month, when the doctors told me the community, you often eat more of this medicine can be opened, I said why? he said This is the last time into this medicine. antihypertensive drugs into the next batch is not this brand, nor is it the manufacturers, but the price more than doubled to exceed it. as a result of reasons, I am more interested, I asked He, you know do not know why the medicine is not cheap, and expensive drugs came in, he told me the results because the low bid did not move on the medicine. From here arise out of the question of drug prices is today discuss a problem. drug prices looked as if the price is just a simple question, but in fact it in-depth study, it is a more complex problem, is that many problems accumulate, and it is reflected in the price. I think the time from the health reported from Sohu, do such a discussion, it is very meaningful, and this is very concerned about the people, and it is surly the people's livelihood.
Sohu Health: Director Zhang said although the performance of drug prices, but relation to the nearest community health services are very concerned about the drug supply problem. Speaker Wang met a doctor is difficult and expensive cases do?
Wang Yongjun: the framers of drug prices is the Development and Reform Commission. Hospital Ye Hao, Ye Hao pharmacies Development and Reform Commission are in accordance with established standards of drug prices. I have two views on drug prices. First, there is indeed drug pricing bubble prices, this situation exists, is in need of reform. But another point of view, it is now concerned about the transition to drug prices, the ensuing waves of drug prices is the instructions, but if the price of drugs down to a very low level, the drug may be gone, no business reproduced. we all exclaimed Drug profits are so high, but do not know the process of developing drugs in the huge investment. Our country is now a serious shortage of investment in drug development, until now, rarely have their own intellectual property rights of drug, resulting in more and more in the future we more dependent on imported drugs. Our country is now the main reason there is a medical treatment is difficult and expensive low-tech, non-proprietary drugs too much, rather than a single species of high priced .2006, China approved new drug into the ten thousand varieties, so variety of drug promotion and they will leave a lot of hidden dangers of unfair competition. We in the clinical use of drugs, according to international norms, at least half of the drug should not be in China, which may be caused by the single drugs prescription prescription volume, rather than single drugs are expensive, the price is not the principal contradiction single species.
Tiantan Hospital, vice president Wang Yongjun Li Meng
health
Sohu Times health editor: So Speaker Wang to Now we have a simple analysis of what we produce your doctor or part of the reason of high drug prices. Professor Zhou, you have had this experience yourself or your people around you have had this experience?
extraordinary week: I seldom see the doctor, the issue of drug prices is not very understanding. but I am participating in the basic drugs and health insurance directory validation, is also part of the Development and Reform Commission participated in the pricing of work. Mr Speaker Wang said approval of the drug too much, response to vicious price competition is one reason. For example, reduced drug prices down NDRC now many times, each time dozens of price, a two hundred, so many varieties of drug prices is down. down after the manufacturers I felt very small profit margins, because there are many intermediate links. As a result, some drugs there is no profit, is bound to be a face-lift, or change the dosage form, could have been changed tablets capsules, granules and pills price change. medicine change the formulation of new plant, the NDRC had a chance to cut prices, so the first sale that money back. down a number of non-production, and again go generic formulations changed again to change specifications, then a face-lift market, the price went up, the enterprise also got short-term profits. the things we have experienced in 2005 is a Food and Drug Administration approved the drug case, a drug approved in 2006, 6500, 6500 we will say this. This 6500, the real drug Not a one, biological products is three, traditional Chinese medicine is 16, so strictly speaking, belong to 2006 batch of industry practices down only 19 new drugs approved. That all changed the other 6,500 formulations, otherwise change the specifications. < br> Sohu health: is the new name.
weeks of extraordinary: but there are good manufacturers, good manufacturers still insist on the production, I do not change the formulation, not imitation, do not change size, or honestly feeding, which is the responsibility of the manufacturers. so thin profits, and even some little profit, just to maintain production. Some unscrupulous companies, in order to save costs, expensive drugs do not have to. If inspection departments to measure the chemical composition of drugs, they charge with a number of other cheaper drugs.
Sohu health: a response to check.
extraordinary week: In order to check the step through, this component does not necessarily come from the honeysuckle. such as selling Salvia, testing department to test tanshinone content, they get some medicine Danshensu added, the significant cost savings, these are immoral profiteers. In this way, a lot of drugs there is no guarantee the quality, efficacy more difficult to ensure. there are some procedures for processing pharmaceuticals save do not do, so lead to inferior quality, causing adverse events. NDRC price determined by motivation is good, but 22 times reduction, and the people did not get the real benefits. So motivation should be unified with the effect of , and good intentions must have good results, it is indeed difficult. Food and Drug Administration also has difficulty, into the plant must also grant approval. will have introduced policies, such as Development and Reform Commission, Chinese Authority, the Food and Drug Administration, Health Department, etc., to manage this thing together. such as a drug is on the move last tender, but not because of price cuts profits, companies are not produced. However, they reported that face-lift back to the drug, if this is true, then firm can not be approved, to have it blocked. There are some manufacturers, is also expected to vote the rules, still a valuable drug, but there is no profit, can not let the good suffer, we should come up with policies at competitive prices to reward them, generally sell 8 dollars, high-quality drugs can be sold 9 dollars, selling 10 dollars, so as to promote the healthy development of the industry. So our policy to support, drug prices is a systematic project, should be more participation of several ministries, working together, to do a good job.
Chinese Academy of Social Development and Regulation of the Food and Drug Industries Research Center, ZHANG Jian
Sohu health: Week of members to help us a bit simple and what ministries should introduce policies to co-management of drug prices. now Tang briefly about your view of your drug prices?
TANG Aimin: cheap pharmacy because the people I worked, so basically do not go to the hospital medicines, in their own pharmacy. Frankly speaking, the price of pharmacies and hospitals does have gaps. I have two deep feelings, the first prescription is difficult to come up with some hospitals, the pharmacy to buy medicine when the prescription out to sell drugs, this is a headache, the health bureau has repeatedly stressed, can not sell prescription drugs, but the hospital is still finding ways to make prescription closure. In addition, I take their children to Children's Hospital, too long to register and queuing time at least two hours, for a office workers, their only have time on Sunday, so the medical resources distribution of some of the problems.
people Dispensary manager TANG Aimin
Tianjin Sohu health: medical treatment, or some hard feelings.
Meng Li: Hello, everybody, because the theme is called today's event how can we truly drug prices way down. In this event, Health Times, and Sohu health also made a simple survey online friends. which in this survey, two I noticed there is a relationship with us. 17.01% of the users that have high drug prices, there are 19.76% of the users that the doctor is expensive. The two options are seven types of options, ranked first, second. network can not be said the investigation is a very scientific survey, but enough to reflect the part of users to judge. on the people for the high or low drug prices, is not there to judge the two indicators, one objective is the high drug prices, the other is subjective, that is, users from personal consumption, personal income that the drug prices are expensive. I think maybe the perspective from both high and low will arrive at a consistent understanding.
Meng Li: User that high, and I think this may be with he relationship between the consumption levels. For example, vulnerable groups, laid-off workers or low income, he went to the hospital to buy medicine or treatment, he would generally say that high drug prices, because this is a relationship with his income . in the past to hold down prices did not reflect the recent sudden emergence of these problems, the focus of attention from the media, the focus of users, about the health care policy, universal health insurance is not a relationship. Imagine if everyone pharmaceutical spending, medical care expenditures are Most health insurance is to address, not your doctor, drug prices have so much of your advice. is not it also has a relationship with this factor.
people Dispensary manager TANG Aimin
TANG Aimin Tianjin: drug prices unrealistically high, it has been recognized by everyone, is a high or low contrast, can not take the drug situation in China with the United States, Western Europe country comparisons of wealth are concentrated, only compared with the previous, we look at the governance of a cold one or two thousand or hundreds, before the cold are small things. Ten years ago, how much the total expenditure on medicine, and now is, what its growth rate far higher than the GDP growth rate of social, even compared with the prices mentioned as such, it The comparison is compared with the past, such a comparison is definitely overpriced. The second is the retail price and the comparison between the cost of production is ex-factory price, it was ten-fold increase in comparison to prove that it is profiteering. As the profits flow to where to go, the authority has a good exposition. to hold down prices, I think the current situation from the Chinese point of view, is the horizontal comparison.
Zhang Jian: from consumers, the high price of drugs in patients with sensory point of view, there is two reasons. First, it is to compare drug prices with the past, the past one hundred to buy the medicine may be two or three dollars, and now can not buy those drugs, and alternative medicine may 50,60 dollars, from the higher than the price of a single product. In addition, the study found, people feel high drug prices, mainly because of excessive medical treatment, for example, a patient can open a medicine, but they take plastic bags to take back a variety of drugs, which increased spending on the drugs. In fact, the basic treatment of some diseases such as influenza without antibiotics, but our country is now very common use of antibiotics, it is very dangerous problem, the health of the whole nation is very serious consequences and harm. s Second, ex-factory price in the end we talk about drugs Gaobu Gao, depending on two elements, one is the real price, and its expected cost and corporate profits. But now the price is usually out of what is reported? survey to find out about a lot of pharmaceutical companies , reported that out of the price is quite a large includes the cost of stay in the middle of the price to do. I understand that there is a variety, the variety is pretty good I think, supposedly is more exclusive, but in fact cost only one into a 90% The price is unrealistically high. at least we know that drug prices in the profits of large pharmaceutical companies is not got.
price is very complex issue, it is a double-edged sword, high prices and hurt the public interests, the interests of harm to human health, so that more people get better treatment and drugs, low prices are hurting the interests of industry, industry is not if the atrophy is a good thing. I heard a case of foreign companies to find State authorities said the drug should they, instead of the domestic pharmaceutical drugs, the reason it is their good medicine the medicine than the domestic. so they requested to enter WTO, to be more open. I thought, if China manufacturers basically does not exist, we have to eat the Chinese foreign pharmaceutical production of drugs, do not know what the situation. In considering the price, my view is that both may be considered to maintain a balance.
drugs how price control? He is the need for a comprehensive governance reform and opening up soon for 30 years, our economic fundamentals are basically completed from a planned economy to a market economy-driven process. But we in government management, methods and even some system, I think this change is not yet complete, so they took in terms of drug prices, we see that many departments are involved in the management of drug prices, all aspects of the look is clearly the Development and Reform Commission, in fact, many policies, many ways can promote the formation or affect drug prices, but in the process, we found that the management is often fragmented. For example, there is now a widely cited data, regardless of the newspaper, from the Internet, we all refer to a data, that is, the year of Food and Drug Administration approved a more than ten thousand kinds of drugs, Food and Drug Administration specifically come out to clarify this matter, including thousands of pieces of clinical examination and approval, the real drug is approved out of over eleven hundred. from the industrial point of view speaking, from the developed view, now say the two drugs called ten, the emergence of a new drug to ten years and billions of dollars, four years ago, the multinational pharmaceutical companies are the major source of profits come from drugs, four years were gradually made generic drugs, generic drugs increased the proportion of profits, more than 50%, as new drugs are less and less profit. I This is a chemical drug.
Chinese medicine combined R & D investment is far below all A multinational pharmaceutical company. From this perspective, the competitiveness of enterprises tend to rely on variety of competition. 98% of our country, are likely to exceed this number of generic drugs, the real meaning of a new drug by the United States in the end that there is no standard, how many, Investigation Investigation to be. The industry itself needs a huge R & D investment, but now the state of their industries .2005 impossible to complete this task in the second half began, the entire pharmaceutical industry fell extreme profit growth in 2006 profit growth in the national pharmaceutical industry the second-lowest among all industries. Here there is a saying drug sector, pharmaceutical sector, as winter arrives, which is both in terms of. I think the pharmaceutical companies, a senior leader put it very well, the past practice good medicine get out, so that county can engage in a series of drug problems, etc., spend some money, to do public relations work, drugs to sell, and waiting to recover the money, feel good to do, so a lot of money and people came. suddenly found in the management of our government gradually strengthened, gradually standardized, this time found the problem. Of course, in terms of industrial organization, from top to bottom so that about six thousand pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises, distribution enterprises still more than that and not in the countries than with the United States, only one of two hundred production or distribution companies, this number far exceeds our needs. Now, some speaking, lower drug prices, I'm afraid the efforts of various government departments, not a single policy, a single department will be able to solve the problem, in fact, has proved this point. the government 22 times lower drug prices, why cut prices to die for two reasons, the first manufacturer did little profit down, even no law in the maintenance of simple reproduction, and then quit. There is another, you drop the price later, business is a face-lift, a change in the name of re-production. As far as I know, some companies now have some back up drugs, get that done this to change that. the current policy is in the field of pharmaceutical production and R & D is completely market-oriented. But in the field of use, health services, are not entirely market-oriented, including the current health reform discussions, there are many views , there are advocates, including medical services and drugs are completely market-oriented production market. If fully borne by the state finance was probably difficult, even though our country is faster economic growth in recent years, but relies entirely on the government not realistic, unlikely. how to solve this conversion, how to solve this problem, how can ordinary people can afford to eat even medicine, to enjoy basic health care and social security, while promoting the health of our country's own industry, to health orderly development of VLSI it is common to consider three aspects.
Sohu health: should be said that the pharmaceutical industry in our country continue to regulate the process, how do make this a more reasonable price.
Zhang Jian: I believe that the drugs artificially high prices will come down, nothing but long and short, from our desire is concerned, of course, hope that this process as short as possible, so that ordinary people can afford to enjoy the service.
Meng Li: I think that speaks really justified Director Zhang, Professor Director Zhang and Wang have such earlier statement, a potential point of view, now we take the successive price adjustments does not necessarily achieve such results, many experts, including Healthy Times also published a related article, in fact, the high drug prices, whether high objective or subjective high, are from the pharmaceutical to the patient to complete the chain, and in the process, and ex-factory price of drugs added costs are not too many hospitals, mainly the profits are too high circulation.
Wang Yongjun: So this is the key. people feel your medicines your doctor for two reasons, the first over health care, mainly due to overtreatment too many varieties of Chinese medicines, I was the treatment of cerebral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, spending 300 million every year, at least 40% of the Chinese medicine preparations without the certificate, but all are in use, it has been out of the basic characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine, not a good clinical validation, this cost of transportation, then click on the up, day 23 of the most expensive anti-angiogenesis drug money, several hundred dollars a bottle of transfusion medicine, resulting in people over the medical doctor is difficult indeed. If treatment can reduce species down, can solve a big problem. The second question is who should pay for treatment costs, treatment costs are now a lot of people pay for their own, so we feel that your doctor is also a problem because of Social Security. As drugs are constantly updated , the total price of drugs rose certainly will not come down. But the treatment cost of protection on the hope that the Government can keep up, let people dig their own money to buy medicine. now is the people's psychological expectations and reality the distance is too large, poor people pay, monthly income of 10% to 20% are used for medicine, for life is indeed too much influence.
Sohu health: We all just talked about high drug prices, or medical expenses reasons for the high this year, we also understand the proposal of Professor Zhou is a national essential drugs list of drugs into one directory and health insurance, just President Wang also mentioned that he felt too many drug products, resulting in high drug prices results, do you think if the two combined, is not able to solve the drugs to hold down prices then?
weeks of extraordinary: in 2005 two, I made a proposal to make essential drugs list and medical insurance directory combined, the implementation of national essential drug system proposal, and later China Pharmaceutical News in July 23, Chinese Medicine reported in July 24 officially released. Why do I mention this proposal it? Medicare drug directory is the Labor & Social Security developed by the Ministry, the essential drug list is the State Food and Drug Administration, the essential drug list I participate in the development, the health insurance I also participated in the development of the directory, but I think that spending too much time, as if to that mountain Which song to sing.
Sohu health: The two directories do have relatively large difference?
extraordinary week: Generally, these two directories about 80% of the pharmaceutical species overlap. some of the basic drugs Drug directory there, there is no health insurance directory, there are a number of drugs in health care directory, there are no essential drugs list, put together about 20% .2004 is the essential drugs list, the medicine is 733 kinds of Chinese medicine is 1260, When selected, statistical methods are different, why is 733 kinds of medicine it is a different drug preparations, different specifications are to count by one. medicine for trouble, for example, Chinese medicine preparations, oral considered a , considered a capsule, pills, capsules and count as one, so much, there are 1,260.
addition to the above said that the comprehensive measures, a very important thing is to promote the national essential drug system, to develop national essential drug list, a real directory. World Health Organization in 1977, puts forward the basic health care in developing countries, the basic formulation of the directory, this year is 2007, exactly 30 years. Now with 30 years the World Health Organization efforts, more than 150 countries introduced a basic drug system. essential drugs must have several features: the first is a clinical need, Without it, to not cure sick. Second, the safe and effective. Third, easy to use. s Fourth, low prices. may have such conditions, to enter the essential drugs. our country is special, the essential drugs list in both traditional Chinese medicine, another medicine, I looked at the other 150 countries, they are not varieties of essential medicines more than 400, do not know how to count, we are 733 kinds of western species. only by a numerical example, penicillin and cephalosporins is one of a, the same specification, different forms count as one, we 733 kinds should be selected, according to the World The practice should be at 400 or so. Chinese have a question of method, for example, dosage forms, there are oral liquid, capsule, hard capsule, soft capsule, there are pills, not to 1260 planted.
I always pondering the question, how the implementation of essential drugs, that is, varieties of Chinese medicine have to come down. medicine category by 23 points, according to 9 categories of Chinese medicine points, the future co-ordination. This is a personal opinion. even the best of Western medicine but also control 400 species or so, Chinese varieties have mastered the 400 or so. This extension of the basic drug system, many problems to be solved. efficacy is the clinical need safe, effective, low prices, guaranteed supply, fixed-point production, uniform fat distribution, simplified packaging, price will come down, you want to mess about, do not. If that can promote such a system, I think drugs will be inflated to solve the problem. In addition since it is of essential drugs, medical control adverse reaction, certainly not a problem . said that adverse drug reactions are rare, occasionally, and will not be common. In actual fact, the drug now approved the first clinical 20,30 cases, 100 cases of the second phase of the clinical, the third of 100 cases adverse reactions can not tell, when coupled with the requirements of drug testing not more than 65 years, not 18 years of age, pregnant women do not, do not be feeding the children, along with liver and gallbladder disease, cardiovascular disease, are all excluded, of course, can not see adverse reactions, and drug in two or three years later, adverse reactions came out. to promote the national essential drug system, not only for developing countries to promote, and now even the developed countries began to promote, so I strongly advocate together to promote the essential drugs.
Wang Yongjun: Teacher Zhou said 400 kinds of drugs have been very relaxed, the 2008 Olympic Games is the 200 types of basic medication administration, to ensure the safety of all athletes, but also to ensure drug safety for all audiences. < br> mm b mm
Sohu health: just say that these two drugs list of hospitals and pharmacies for What is the significance? Speaker Wang you as representatives of the hospital, Tang Jingli you as a representative of the pharmacy, for a few sentence right.
Wang Yongjun: Different reimbursement with a different directory, such as a public health or health insurance, more complicated, I am sure Professor Zhou their hands in favor of the proposal, since the two directories, the doctor is very difficult to remember, and error-prone, after using the wrong drugs to hospitals and doctors need to bear the costs. I think that the synthesis of a directory as soon as possible, cut down the variety of drugs, which is to improve people's drug use an important part of your medication.
Meng Li: I have the experts In his speech, I looked out Sohu health and health Times investigation, the people that the number-one problem is that your doctor, the second is to hold down prices, in fact, two issues are carefully examined in parallel, see a doctor Your link to and hold down prices. For example your doctor, if your doctor is resolved, that live in a hospital, to the hospital for a health, their take less money to hold down prices for the problems he reflected will be reduced. This reasoning means that people always mention your doctor to hold down prices linked, but in fact the entire expenditure in the doctor, the drug prices of expenditures, the expenditure may only drugs a certain proportion. a patient during treatment, there are drugs, inspection fees, if there are more and more surgical supplies, we have reported to have published an article, a heart stents sold in foreign countries over a thousand of RMB 8 to China to become the eighteen thousand, and do not know the data whether the Right, at least in this case reflects that the people of your doctor in a certain proportion of total supplies. But there mere mention of your doctor, but this does not sound , in addition to large-scale inspection fees, CT, NMR, it has also become very important to people's medical costs increased growth.
Wang Yongjun: General Hospital medicine Hospital spending accounted for 40% to 50%, which is a large general hospital, two much lower level hospitals. Now the weight of supplies accounting for more and more, are high-quality supplies, paper supplies data on the quality certainly is accurate, this figure is much higher than many foreign figures, the same which is made NDRC pricing. how come the price, we not sure, what are given, we do not know. the same species of large growth in checking fees, the price of each do a CT does not change, surgery price has not changed for 20 years in Beijing The main varieties of new drugs is increasing, prices of medicines do constantly, and the second is the increasing application of high supplies.
Meng Li: Now people think that your hospital medicine, but that the pharmacy is cheaper, in fact, is not like that, because of health Times reporter specializing in end of 06 made a survey of about a dozen specific drugs in the Medicare drug stores, drug stores sold for higher than the hospital instead. that patients in the course of treatment, the medicine has already cured Hospital high prices, in fact, in the circulation, the drugs from pharmaceutical companies out of the hands of consumers, is that through the two channels, one hospital, one pharmacy, of course, does not include some cheap pharmacy here, like people Dispensary, I guess that is cheaper than the hospital.
Sohu Health: In general the number of pharmacies cheap drug prices lower than the hospital price?
TANG Aimin: about 80% of the products is lower than the hospital drug prices. On Medicare designated hospital pharmacy drug prices higher than the phenomenon of speaking from my experience: after the implementation of the medical insurance system, particularly as Beijing, Shanghai, such a large city on the designated pharmacy health insurance is very strict examination and approval of pharmacy access to affordable Medicare set a high threshold pharmacies, so it is more than access to health care is a state-designated pharmacy pharmacy component, coupled with a very small number of the approval to form a government monopoly of resources. Some medical insurance designated pharmacies to take advantage of this high threshold monopoly of resources, sharing of interests. So we agreed to Medicare pharmacy drug prices increased, but no one else to share with him. sentinel pharmacies to hold down prices for health care phenomenon, is that governments in particular, the labor department to release the approval threshold, so that a fully competitive pharmacy business qualifications. In addition, just mentioned, health insurance. The just mentioned Professor Zhou is a basic drug system in order to curb drug prices artificially high, these two varieties of the directory included all aspects of the interests involved, if unified, but also scholars such as Professor Zhou to call. We Professor Zhou pharmacy welcome the proposal, because, like Professor Zhou said very busy, this species is urgently needed.
Sohu health: the number of pharmacies in general parity price of goods lower than the hospital?
TANG Aimin: I can not promise success is 100%, but are basically low- drug prices in the hospital. On the Medicare designated hospital pharmacy drug prices higher than the phenomenon of speaking from my experience: after the implementation of the medical insurance system, particularly as Beijing, Shanghai, such a large city, the approval of health insurance is designated pharmacies strict, established on the cheap pharmacy into a high threshold, so the status quo is more than access to health care is a state-designated pharmacy pharmacy component, coupled with a very small number of the approval to form a government monopoly of resources. Some medical insurance designated pharmacies monopoly on the use of the high threshold of resources, sharing of interests. So we agreed to Medicare pharmacy drug prices increased, but no one else to share with him. sentinel pharmacies to hold down prices for health care phenomenon, is that governments in particular, the labor department to put On the threshold of approval, so that operating fully qualified pharmacy competition. I think if Beijing allows people into the large pharmacy health insurance designated pharmacies, I believe that Beijing Medicare pharmacy drug prices down in one night. This is the result of administrative examination and approval system The new interest groups.
addition, mentioned the health insurance. The just mentioned Professor Zhou is a basic drug system in order to curb drug prices artificially high, these two directories do your interests involved in all aspects, if unified, but also scholars such as Professor Zhou to call. We Professor Zhou pharmacy welcome the proposal, because, like Professor Zhou said very busy, this species is urgently needed.
mm c mm
Sohu health: Bangladesh total just that: drugs from manufacturer through to patient hands, nothing less than the two ways, one hospital, one is pharmacy; just President Wang also said revenue in the hospital, medicines account for about 40% to 50%; now there is a proposal mm high then?
Wang Yongjun: The government should increase investment and ...

Tuesday, March 1, 2011

I love your site experience Westward moving novel autograph session 3

 Online games industry as a protagonist of the background story of the first novel analytical view of the world game of compelling content such as .29 at the book signing session held in Shenzhen, although the novel's debut, but the activities of abnormal hot spot, because she already has many the main protagonist of the story of the meteorite street Hu went to the site signings; Murong, Xiaoxiang Cosplay performances; lying 3 exciting video display, lying three novels can be said to be brilliant signings will continue. at the event, in addition to feeling enthusiastic reader, hot scenes , the activities of each part of the light revealed the emotional flavor, as lying 3 story, cause people always touching.
emotional one: Murong, Xiaoxiang Cosplay performance
not CLS movement, No soul-stirring, no ups and downs, not life and death, good and bad. just a few moments in life, pass a few times Looking back, it affects the life and Murong Xiaoxiang watch hh is a story filled with deep regret, but are Unfortunately, this is the more affecting people's hearts.
emotion II: reader response
site in the autograph session interviewed several readers, many lying two fastest players in order to witness the novel, the car up to more than 1 hour to attend the autograph session. more readers, although the first contact,
emotional three: autograph guests unfamiliar
Hu meteorite beautiful writing, sensitive, early release of lying in the forum the story of 3 characters, many players to guess the characters in the story of the author is male or female. This time autograph session is opened this mystery, Hu meteorites slightly unfamiliar taste of the big boys Sentimental image to. in the event for up to 2 hours of book-signing process, he is always serious for every reader carefully signature. After the event, accompanied by many more enthusiastic interpretation of the lying 3 3 more people into lying, and write their own story of unforgettable emotions.